Carbon monoxide binary

Table 3 shows results obtained from a five-component, isothermal flash calculation. In this system there are two condensable components (acetone and benzene) and three noncondensable components (hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane). Henry s constants for each of the noncondensables were obtained from Equations (18-22) the simplifying assumption for dilute solutions [Equation (17)] was also used for each of the noncondensables. Activity coefficients for both condensable components were calculated with the UNIQUAC equation. For that calculation, all liquid-phase composition variables are on a solute-free basis the only required binary parameters are those for the acetone-benzene system. While no experimental data are available for comparison, the calculated results are probably reliable because all simplifying assumptions are reasonable the... 

Other important uses of stannic oxide are as a putty powder for polishing marble, granite, glass, and plastic lenses and as a catalyst. The most widely used heterogeneous tin catalysts are those based on binary oxide systems with stannic oxide for use in organic oxidation reactions. The tin—antimony oxide system is particularly selective in the oxidation and ammoxidation of propylene to acrolein, acryHc acid, and acrylonitrile. Research has been conducted for many years on the catalytic properties of stannic oxide and its effectiveness in catalyzing the oxidation of carbon monoxide at below 150°C has been described (25). 

Notwithstanding the large amount of work on pure iron and binary alloys, it remains difficult to translate the results to commercially useful steels. It is believed, on the one hand, that effusion of carbon monoxide can cause non-healing Assures in the scale , and on the other, that silicon creates self-healing layers at the metal interface . ... 

As we have described previously, Ni(CO)4 can be prepared directly by the reaction of nickel with carbon monoxide. However, most of the binary metal carbonyls listed in Table 21.1 cannot be obtained by this type of reaction. A number of preparative techniques have been used to prepare metal carbonyls, and a few general ones will be described here. 

As examples of the notation for the binary variables, yCH4,/, 2 = 1 means that methane in the feed stream goes to the reactor-separator section labeled No. 2, yHlj, e = 0 means that hydrogen in the feed stream does not go directly to the exit stream, and yco 11 means that carbon monoxide is recycled in the reactor-separator section labeled No. 1. 

Guryanova, O. S., Y. M. Serov, S. G. Gul yanova and V. M. Gryaznov. 1988. Conversion of carbon monoxide on membrane catalysts of palladium alloys Reaction between CO and H2 on binary palladium alloys with ruthenium and nickel. Kinet. and Catal. 29(4) 728-731. 

Pluto, with a diameter of 2300 km, has now been demoted from the smallest planet to one of the largest Kuiper belt objects. Pluto and its satellite Charon could be considered a binary system because they are closer in size than any other known celestial pair in the solar system and the barycenter of their orbits does not lie within either body. There are also two smaller moons, Nix and Hydra. All four bodies are likely KBOs with similar compositions. Pluto has a thin atmosphere containing N2, with minor CH4, CO, and Ar. Curiously, the face of Pluto oriented towards Charon contains more methane ice, and the opposite face contains more nitrogen and carbon monoxide ice. 

Naming binary molecular compounds requires using Greek prefixes to indicate the number of atoms of each element in the compound or molecule. Prefixes are given in Table 1.4. Prefixes precede each element to indicate the number of atoms in the molecular compound. The stem of the second element takes the ide suffix. The prefix mon is dropped for the initial element that is, if no prefix is given, it is assumed that the prefix is 1. Examples of molecular compounds are carbon dioxide (C02), carbon monoxide (CO), and dinitrogen tetroxide (N204). 

Figure 4.26 shows a flow reactor of diameter D in which the downstream portion of the walls is catalytic. Assume that there is no gas-phase chemistry and that there is a single chemically active gas-phase species that is dilute in an inert carrier gas. For example, consider carbon-monoxide carried in air. Assume further a highly efficient catalyst that completely destroys any CO at the surface in other words, the gas-phase mass fraction of CO at the surface is zero. Upstream of the catalytic section, the CO is completely mixed with the carrier (i.e., a flat profile). The CO2 that desorbs from the catalyst is so dilute in the air that its behavior can be neglected. Thus the gas-phase and mass-transfer problem can be treated as a binary mixture of CO and air. The overall objective of this analysis is to... 

An inorganic compound means, in general, a compound that does nol contain carbon atoms. Some very simple carbon compounds, such as carbon monoxide and dioxide, binary metallic carbon compounds (carbides) and carbonates, arc also included in the group of inorganic compounds. 

One of the relatively few simple odd electron species, nitric oxide is an intriguing heteronuclear diatomic and the parent member of the oxides of nitrogen. Like carbon monoxide, nitric oxide has a long and distinguished coordination chemistry, but unlike CO, it forms very few binary metal... 

Many simple inorganic molecular compounds are named by using the Greek prefixes in Table D.2 to indicate the number of each type of atom present. Usually, no prefix is used if only one atom of an element is present an important exception to this rule is carbon monoxide, CO. Most of the common binary molecular compounds—molecular compounds built from two elements—have at least one element from Group 16 or 17. These elements are named second, with their endings changed to -ide ... 

Let s calculate the entropy of a tiny solid made up of four diatomic molecules of a binary compound such as carbon monoxide, CO. Suppose the four molecules have formed a perfectly ordered crystal in which all molecules are aligned with their C atoms on the left. Because T = 0, all motion has ceased (Fig. 7.5). We expect the sample to have zero entropy, because there is no disorder in either location or energy. This value is confirmed by the Boltzmann formula because there is only one way of arranging the molecules in the perfect crystal, W = l and S = k In 1 =0. Now suppose thar the molecules can lie with their C atoms on either side yet still have the same total energy (Fig. 7.6). The total number of ways of arranging the four molecules is... 

Many oxides of nonmetals form acidic solutions in water and hence are called acid anhydrides. The familiar laboratory acids HN03 and H2S04, for instance, are derived from acidic binary oxides. Even oxides that do not react with water can be regarded as the formal anhydrides of acids. A formal anhydride of an acid is the molecule obtained by striking out the elements of water (H, H, and O) from the molecular formula of the acid. Carbon monoxide, for instance, is the formal anhydride of formic acid, HCOOH, although CO does not react with cold water to form the acid. 

Quantitative and qualitative changes in chemisorption of the reactants in methanol synthesis occur as a consequence of the chemical and physical interactions of the components of the copper-zinc oxide binary catalysts. Parris and Klier (43) have found that irreversible chemisorption of carbon monoxide is induced in the copper-zinc oxide catalysts, while pure copper chemisorbs CO only reversibly and pure zinc oxide does not chemisorb this gas at all at ambient temperature. The CO chemisorption isotherms are shown in Fig. 12, and the variations of total CO adsorption at saturation and its irreversible portion with the Cu/ZnO ratio are displayed in Fig. 13. The irreversible portion was defined as one which could not be removed by 10 min pumping at 10"6 Torr at room temperature. The weakly adsorbed CO, given by the difference between the total and irreversible CO adsorption, correlated linearly with the amount of irreversibly chemisorbed oxygen, as demonstrated in Fig. 14. The most straightforward interpretation of this correlation is that both irreversible oxygen and reversible CO adsorb on the copper metal surface. The stoichiometry is approximately C0 0 = 1 2, a ratio obtained for pure copper, over the whole compositional range of the... 

Fig. 12. Carbon monoxide chemisorption isotherms at 25°C on the binary Cu/ZnO catalysts. The labels at the individual isotherms denote the molar composition Cu/ZnO (43).

Fig. 13. The dependence of the carbon monoxide saturation adsorption (total) and irreversible adsorption (irreversible) on the Cu/ZnO ratio in the binary copper-zinc oxide catalysts...

All the binary Cu/ZnO catalysts were found highly selective toward methanol without DME, methane, or higher alcohols and hydrocarbons detected in the product by sensitive gas chromatographic methods (59). Several of the composites were also found to be very active when subjected to a standard test with synthesis gas C0/C02/H2 = 24/6/70 at gas hourly space velocity of 5000 hr- pressure 75 atm, and temperature 250°C. The activities, expressed as carbon conversions and yields, are summarized in Table VIII. The end members of the series, pure copper and pure zinc oxide, were inactive under these testing conditions, and maximum activity was obtained for the composition Cu/ZnO = 30/70. The yields per unit weight, per unit area of the catalyst or the individual components, turnover rates per site titratable by irreversible oxygen and by irreversible carbon monoxide, are graphically... 

The chemisorption studies of Parris and Klier (43) using the Cu/ZnO catalyst have been mentioned earlier. Carbon monoxide was irreversibly bonded at room temperature to the surface of the binary catalysts that were also active in methanol synthesis however, this irreversible adsorbate could be desorbed as CO, which indicates that it was not a surface carbonate but rather a strongly bonded carbonyl-type CO. Infrared studies of this chemi-sorbate are lacking and it would be very desirable to determine the structure of this surface species. 

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