Carbonate, bone

Biltz, R.M. and Pellegrino, E.D. 1977 The nature of bone carbonate. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 129 279-292. 

This paper will address three subjects a) carbon isotopic composition of bone carbonate b) the possible role of hpid metabolism in determining frae-tionation between bone carbonate and collagen and its apparent trophic signature and c) concepts of routing of carbon isotopes in the body, especially from protein foods to collagen. The discussion will be limited to carbon isotope ratios C C/ C), although we appreciate that N/ N ratios, which are also very useful in determining trophic levels and somces of protein, present similar biochemical problems. 

This interpretation is in conflict with some published discussions of the source of bone carbonate, which suggest that bone carbonate gives us a sample of energy somces (Krueger and Sulhvan 1984), by which is meant carbohydrates and fats (e.g., Ambrose and Norr 1993). It should be clear from the previous discussion that very little partitioning of carbon somces can occm. Bicarbonate in the blood is derived from essentially all the carbon atoms in the diet, including proteins, in proportion to their abimdance in the diet all foods are energy sources . Minor deviations from this arise due to (1) Tissue... 

What determines the differenee in 5 C between eollagen and bone carbonate apatite (bioapatite) for animals with different diets or digestive systems ... 

Motta M, Moisala A, Kinloch IA, Windle AH. High performance fibers from dog bone carbon nanotubes. AdvMater. 2007 Nov 5 19(21) 3721-6. 

A similar continuity in the Tj s through the melting temperature was previously reported for linear polyethylene. (17) We have now investigated the temperature dependence of this quantity, for this polymer, in more detail and have also studied a low density (branched) polyethylene. The results for the poly-ethylenes are summarized in Fig. 8. The new data reported here substantiate the conclusion previously reached for linear polyethylene. A similar conclusion can now be reached for the baclc-bone carbons of low density (branched) polyethylene. The melting temperature for this particular sample, under the crystallization conditions studied, is less than 110°C. (33) Thus, the spin-lattice relaxation parameters for the bac)cbone carbons are the same for both the linear and branched polymers over the temperature range studied here. Changes that occur in Tq as the temperature is reduced below 0°C involve other considerations and will be discussed in detail elsewhere. (22)... 

Charcoal, Bone, (Carbonated), granular. Wood Pulp, granular. 

Baxter, J. D., Biltz, R. M., and Pellegrino, E. D. The physical state of bone carbonate A comparative infrared study in several mineralized tissues. Yale J. Biol. Med. 38, 456-470 (1966). 

Not all portions of bone are equally suitable for 6 analysis of diet. Carbonate carbon is plentiful in bone tissue, but is known to undergo exchange with carbonates in the environment. Therefore, bone carbon... 

Black pigment made by carbonizing bones. Carbon content is usually approximately 10%. Nonflammable in bulk. 

Most of the paleodiet work using carbon isotopes has focused on the organic collagen in bone. Carbon also is found in the mineral, or carbonate, portion of bone and tooth enamel and contains information on diet. Although there are potential problems with contamination, this information can provide additional insight on questions regarding diet and place of origin of the individual from whom the sample was taken. 

CI.32 The iceman known as Otzi was discovered in a high mountain pass on the Austrian-Italian border. Samples of his hair and bones had carbon-14 activity that was 50% of that present in new hair or bone. Carbon-14 undergoes beta decay and has a half-life of 5730 y. (16.2, 16.4)... 

Artificial bone Carbon, polyacetal, polyethylene filaments Braided, woven... 

From the nine industries included in the chemicals and allied products group at the turn of the century (general chemicals sulphuric, nitric, and mixed acids wood distillation paints and varnishes fertilizers explosives dyestuffs and extracts essential oils and bone, carbon, and lamp black), some 31 branches of chemical industry had evolved by the late 1950s. As... 

M. Motta, A. Moisala, I. A. Kinloch and A. H. Windle. High performance fibres from Dog bone carbon nanotnbes. Adv. Mater. 19, 2007, 3721-3726. 

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