Carbon electroanalysis

Cardosi MR 1994. Hydrogen peroxide-sensitive electrode based on horseradish peroxidase-modified platinized carbon. Electroanalysis 6 89-96. 

Elektroanalyse, /. electroanalysis, elektroaoalytisch, a. electroaualytical, Elektro-chemie, /. electrochemistry, -chemi-ker, m. electrochemist. elektrochemisch, a. electrochemical, Elektroden-abstand, m. distance between electrodes, -kohle, /. electrode carbon, elektrodenlos, a, electrodeless, without electrodes. 

S.2.2 Carbon Electrodes Solid electrodes based on carbon are currently in widespread use in electroanalysis, primarily because of their broad potential window, low background current, rich surface chemistry, low cost, chemical inertness, and suitability for various sensing and detection applications. In contrast, electron-transfer rates observed at carbon surfaces are often slower than those observed at metal electrodes. The electron-transfer reactivity is strongly affected by the origin... 

Carbon-Fiber Electrodes The growing interest in ultramicroelectrodes (Section 4-5.4) has led to widespread use of carbon fibers in electroanalysis. Such materials are produced, mainly in connection with the preparation of high-strength composites, by high-temperature pyrolysis of polymer textiles or via... 

X.J. Zhang, L. Cardosa, M. Broderick, H. Fein, and J. Lin, An integrated nitric oxide sensor based on carbon fiber coated with selective membranes. Electroanalysis 12, 1113-1117 (2001). 

M. Pontie, F. Bedioui, and J. Devynck, New composite modified carbon microfibers for sensitive and selective determination of physiologically relevant concentrations of nitric oxide in solution. Electroanalysis 11, 845-850 (1999). 

Y. Lin, F. Lu, and J. Wang, Disposable carbon nanotube modified screen-printed biosensor for ampero-metric detection of organophosphorus pesticides and nerve agents. Electroanalysis 16, 145-149 (2004). 

R. Ojani, J.B. Raoof, and A. Alinezhad, Catalytic oxidation of sulfite by ferrocenemonocarboxylic acid at the glassy carbon electrode. Application to the catalytic determination of sulfite in real sample. Electroanalysis 14, 1197-1203 (2002). 

L. Mao, J. Jin, L. Song, K. Yamamoto, and L. Jin, Electrochemical microsensor for in vivo measurements of oxygen based on Nafion and methylviologen modified carbon fiber microelectrode. Electroanalysis. 11, 499-504 (1999). 

W.B. Nowall and W.G. Kuhr, Detection of hydrogen peroxide and other molecules of biological importance at an electrocatalytic surface on a carbon fiber microelectrode. Electroanalysis 9, 102-109 (1997). 

J. Wang, P.V.A. Pamidi, and D.S. Park, Sol-gel-derived metal-dispersed carbon composite amperometric biosensors. Electroanalysis 9, 52-55 (1997). 

M.S. Lin and B.I. Jan, Determination of hydrogen peroxide by utilizing a cobalt(II)hexacyanoferrate-modified glassy carbon electrode as a chemical sensor. Electroanalysis 9, 340-344 (1997). 

X. Zhang, J. Wang, B. Ogorevc, and U.E. Spichiger, Glucose nanosensor based on Prussian-blue modified carbon-fiber cone nanoelectrode and an integrated reference electrode. Electroanalysis 11, 945-949 (1999). 

J. Wang, G. Rivas, and M. Chicharro, Iridium-dispersed carbon paste enzyme electrodes. Electroanalysis 8, 434—137 (1995). 

J. Wang, Carbon-nanotube based electrochemical biosensors a review. Electroanalysis 17, 7-14 (2005). 

Q. Zhao, Z. Gan, and Q. Zhuang, Electrochemical sensors based on carbon nanotubes. Electroanalysis 14, 1609-1613 (2002). 

S.B. Hocevar, J. Wang, R.P. Deo, M. Musameh, and B. Ogorevc, Carbon nanotube modified microelectrode for enhanced voltammetric detection of dopamine in the presence of ascorbate. Electroanalysis 17, 417-422 (2005). 

Z. Wang, Y. Wang, and G. Luo, The electrocatalytic oxidation of thymine at (3-cyclodextrin incorporated carbon nanotube-coated electrode. Electroanalysis 15, 1129-1133 (2003). 

G.C. Zhao, X.W. Wei, and Z.S. Yang, A nitric oxide biosensor based on myoglobin adsorbed on multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Electroanalysis 17, 630-634 (2005). 

L. Wang, J. Wang, and F. Zhou, Direct electrochemistry of catalase at a gold electrode modified with single-wall carbon nanotubes. Electroanalysis 16, 627-632 (2004). 

J. Liu, A. Chou, W. Rahmat, M.N. Paddon-Row, and J.J. Gooding, Achieving direct electrical connection to glucose oxidase using aligned single walled carbon nanotube arrays. Electroanalysis 17, 38—46 (2005). 

J.H.T. Luong, S. Hrapovic, D. Wang, F. Bensebaa, and B. Simard, Solubilization of multiwall carbon nanotubes by 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane towards the fabrication of electrochemical biosensors with promoted electron transfer. Electroanalysis 16, 132-139 (2004). 

M.D. Rubianes and G.A. Rivas, Enzymatic biosensors based on carbon nanotubes paste electrodes. Electroanalysis 17, 73—78 (2005). 

K. Kerman, Y. Morita, Y. Takamura, M. Ozsoz, and E. Tamiya, DNA-directed attachment of carbon nanotubes for the enhanced electrochemical label-free detection of DNA hybridization. Electroanalysis 16,1667-1672 (2004). 

L. Rabinovich and O. Lev, Sol-gel derived composite ceramic carbon electrodes. Electroanalysis, 13, 265-275 (2001). 

S. Sampath and O. Lev, Renewable, reagentless glucose sensor based on a redox-modified enzyme and carbon-silica composite. Electroanalysis 8, 1112-1116 (1996). 

J. Razumiene, M. Niculescu, A. Ramanavicius, V. Laurinavicius, and E. Csoregi, Direct bioelectrocatalysis at carbon electrodes modified with quinohemoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase from Gluconobacter sp. 33. Electroanalysis 14, 43—49 (2002). 

C.X. Lei, H. Wang, G.L. Shen, and R.Q. Yu, Immobilization of enzymes on the nano-Au film modified glassy carbon electrode for the determination of hydrogen peroxide and glucose. Electroanalysis 16, 736-740 (2004). 

Xu JZ, Zhu JJ, Wu Q, Hu Z, Chen HY (2003) An amperometric biosensor based on the coimmobilization of horseradish peroxidase and methylene blue on a carbon nanotubes modified electrode. Electroanalysis 15 219-224. 

Huang, H., et ah, Fabrication of new magnetic nanoparticles (Fe304) grafted multiwall carbon nanotubes and heterocyclic compound modified electrode for electrochemical sensor. Electroanalysis, 2010. 22(4) p. 433-438. 

In general, the electrochemical performance of carbon materials is basically determined by the electronic properties, and given its interfacial character, by the surface structure and surface chemistry (i.e. surface terminal functional groups or adsorption processes) [1,2]. Such features will affect the electrode kinetics, potential limits, background currents and the interaction with molecules in solution [2]. From the point of view of electroanalysis, the remarkable benefits of CNT-modified electrodes have been widely praised, including low detection limits, increased sensitivity, decreased overpotentials and resistance to surface fouling [5, 9, 11, 17]. 

Tao, W., Pan, D., Liu, Q., Yao, S., Nie, Z., and Han, B., Optical and bioelec-trochemical characterization of water-miscible ionic liquids based composites of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Electroanalysis, 18,1681-1688,2006. 

Liu, Y, Liu, L., and Dong, S., Electrochemical characteristics of glucose oxidase adsorbed at carbon nanotubes modified electrode with ionic liquid as binder. Electroanalysis, 19,55-59, 2007. 

Domenech A, Domenech-Carbo MT, Moya M, Gimeno JV, Bosch F (2000) Voltammetric identification of lead (11) and (IV) in mediaeval glazes in abrasion-modified carbon paste and polymer film electrodes. Apphcation to the study of alterations in archaelogical ceramic. Electroanalysis 12 120-127. 

Domenech A, Sanchez S, Domenech-Carbo MT, Gimeno JV, Bosch F, Yusa DJ, Sauri MC (2002) Electrochemical determination of the Fe(llI)/Fe(II) ratio in arcaheologi-cal ceramic materials using carbon paste and composite electrodes. Electroanalysis 14 685-696. 

As a final note, the reader is reminded that the intent of this chapter is descriptive rather than comprehensive. Although glassy carbon and carbon paste are commonly used in electroanalysis, there are a variety of alternative carbon... 

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