Carbon drying

RoUed-zinc products in the form of strip, sheet, wire, and rod have many and varied commercial appUcations. Strip is formed into dry-ceU battery cans, mason jar covers, organ pipes, grommets, eyelets, and many other objects, some of which are subsequentiy brass or chromium plated (jewelry, medaUions, bathroom accessories, etc) (132). The zinc—carbon dry-ceU appUcation accounts for about one half the roUed-zinc consumption in the United States (see Batteries). Sheet zinc is used in photoengraving and also in the constmction of roofing and other architectural uses. Special high grade zinc with a... 

In one run the cheekers obtained only 135 g. of crude product by this procedure. The aqueous solution which was decanted from the crude product was divided into three portions and each portion was extracted with one 250-ml. portion of ether. The combined ether extracts were washed with water and 10% aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and concentrated on the rotary evaporator to afford an additional 83 g. of crude product, for a total of 218 g. 

The ester used was Eastman Kodak Company technical grade shaken with sodium carbonate, dried and distilled. The ester boils at 158-160°/ 1 mm. 

The electrolyte was a solution of ammonium chloride that bathed the electrodes. Like Plante s electrochemistry of the lead-acid battery, Leclanche s electrochemistry survives until now in the form of zinc-carbon dry cells and the use of gelled electrolyte.12 In their original wet form, the Leclanche electrochemistry was neither portable nor practicable to the extent that several modifications were needed to make it practicable. This was achieved by an innovation made by J. A. Thiebaut in 1881, who through encapsulating both zinc cathode and electrolyte in a sealed cup avoided the leakage of the liquid electrolyte. Modern plastics, however, have made Leclanche s chemistry not only usable but also invaluable in some applications. For example, Polaroid s Polar Pulse disposable batteries used in instant film packs use Leclanche chemistry, albeit in a plastic sandwich instead of soup bowls.1... 

Nitration of the ester with 90% nitric acid was effected according to a literature method. Examination of the reaction mixture by TLC showed that both expected mononitro derivatives had been formed, and it was allowed to stand at ambient temperature overnight. Ice and dichloromethane were then added, and the separated solvent layer was washed with aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate, dried, and then freed of solvent by evaporation. The viscous oily residue decomposed and ignited in the flask. The preparation was repeated, but worked up immediately and under nitrogen while still cold, and furnished samples of both of the pine isomeric nitro derivatives. Thermal analysis of these showed both to be thermally stable. It was concluded that the decomposition was due to an impurity formed during the 16 h interval between nitration and work-up. 

Coal Rank Natural Water (wt%) Volatile Matter (Dry, Ash Free) (wt%) Total Carbon (Dry, Ash Free) (wt%) Heat of Combustion (MJ/kg)... 

A. l-Phenyl-2,2,2-lrichloroethanol. In a 1-1. round-bottomed-flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer, a thermometer, and a powder funnel is placed a solution of 212 g. (2.00 moles) of freshly distilled benzaldehyde in 400 g. (270 ml., 3.35 moles) of chloroform. The mixture is cooled in an ice bath, and 123 g. of commercial powdered potassium hydroxide is added with stirring at such a rate that the temperature of the solution does not exceed 45° (1-1.5 hours). The reaction mixture is stirred and kept at 40-50° for an additional hour and then poured into a solution of 60 ml. of sulfuric acid in 3 1. of water. The resulting two-phase mixture is transferred to a separatory funnel and extracted with three 250-ml. portions of chloroform (a small amount of insoluble, black resinous material is discarded). The combined organic layers are washed with three 100-ml. portions of aqueous 10% sodium carbonate, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and filtered into a 1-1. flask. The solvent is removed under reduced pressure on a hot water bath. The residue is transferred to a 250-ml. flask and distilled under reduced pressure to give l-phenyl-2,2,2-trichloroethanol, b.p. 155-165° (26 mm.), 90-100° (0.5 mm.) (Notes 1 and 2). The yield is 170-180 g. (38-40%). 

The condensation polymerization process, employed recently by Skourlis et al. (1993) and Duvis et al. (1993), involves immersion of carbon fibers in a solution containing hexamethylenediamine and sodium carbonate. Dried carbon fibers are then immersed in a dipolychloride solution in carbon tetrachloride where the interfacial polycondensation reaction takes place. The result is that a thin layer of polyamide (nylon 6,6) coating is deposited on the continuous carbon fiber, whose thickness is controlled though by varying the diamine concentration. 

A solution of 13.8 gm (0.10 mole) of phosphorus trichloride in 30 ml of ethyl ether is added dropwise over a 3-4 hr period at —20°C to a stirred solution of 16.8 gm (0.3 mole) of propargyl alcohol, 30.0 gm (0.3 mole) of triethylamine, and 100 ml of ether. After the addition, the mixture is stirred for an additional hour at 0°-5°C, warmed slowly to room temperature overnight, water is added, the ether separated, and the resulting water layer extracted with two 100 ml portions of ether. The combined ether layer is washed with two 100 ml portions of dilute hydrochloric acid, two 100 ml portions of 10% aqueous sodium carbonate, dried, and concentrated under reduced pressure distillation of the residue affords 18.0 gm (92%), b.p. 115°-115°C (0.25 mm). 

Figure 2. Comparison of fixed carbon (dry, mineral free) with relative stratigraphic position on Mt. Schopf and Mt. Glossopteris. Results of proximate analyses of three measured sections (Long (23)) are plotted in each group...

Aluminium Hydroxide + Magnesium Carbonate Dry Syrup (12.5% + 12.5%) page 2... 

The combined ethyl acetate extracts were filtered to remove water droplets and stored at 0° until all urine extractions were completed, and then refiltered and concentrated to about one-tenth the volume under diminished pressure. The hot solution was treated with decolorizing carbon, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and the crude product precipitated by means of a slight excess of a hot, saturated solution of cinchonidine in ethyl acetate (analytical grade) completeness of precipitation was tested at intervals by centrifuging a test portion and adding a cold, saturated solution of cinchonidine in ethyl acetate to the supernatant liquor. 

To the solution of 16.2 g thereof in 450 ml of ethanol, 14.10 g of N-methyl-benzylamine are added and the mixture is refluxed for 3 hours. It is evaporated, the residue taken up in methylene chloride, the solution washed with saturated aqueous sodium carbonate dried, filtered and evaporated. The residue is triturated with diethyl ether, to yield the l-(o-nitrobenzyl)-2-(N-methyl-N-benzylaminoacetyl)pyrrole. 

The d-s-butyl hydrogen phthalate and the corresponding pure alcohol may be obtained from the brucine salt by the general procedure previously described for the octyl hydrogen phthalates (p. 402). Pure d-s-butyl hydrogen phthalate has [a]D + 38.5° (c = 4, 95% ethanol). Alternatively, the process may be shortened considerably by treating the brucine salt directly with a small excess of dilute sodium hydroxide and distilling the alcohol with steam.138 The alcohol is extracted or is salted out with potassium carbonate, dried, and distilled b.p. 98°/750 mm. [ ]d + 10.83° (without solvent). 

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) was washed with a solution of sodium carbonate, dried over calcium chloride and distilled under reduced pressure and nitrogen. Acrylonitrile was washed with sulfuric acid (5 %), sodium carbonate (5 %) and water after drying, the monomer was distilled under reduced pressure and nitrogen. Styrene was washed with sodium hydroxyde (10 %) and water, dried and distilled. THF was purified by washing and distillation. 

The product from Step 1 (0.152 mol) was dissolved in 700 ml CH2CI2 and 70% 3-chloroperbenzoic acid (0.335 mol) added while the temperature was maintained at 5 °C. The mixture was then stirred at ambient temperature and crystals filtered off. The filtrate was washed with sodium carbonate, dried, concentrated, and the product isolated, mp = 176 °C. 

To fight fire, use G-1 powder, dr)" sodium chloride, dty" sodium carbonate, dry calcium carbonate, dry sand, resin-coated sodium chloride, or dry soda ash. Never use water, graphite, carbon dioxide, halocarbons, or foam. 

Preparation.—Metallic chromium is usually obtained by reduction of the sesquioxide, CtjOj, the chief source of which is chrome iron ore (p. 7). The latter, after separation from gangue, is powdered, washed, mixed with lime and potassium carbonate, dried, and then roasted, the mass being continually stirred. The potassium chromate produced is extracted with water and converted into the dichromate by treatment with sulphuric acid. After recrystallisation the potassium dichromate is reduced by heating wth sulphur, starch, or other suitable material, and finally washed with water the chromium sesquioxide remains undissolved. 

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