Carbon Content Testing Results

The CO2 gas was vented through the exhaust port at the end of the test and gathered in the 320-mL sampling tube. The ppm of CO2 

---

The electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction were prepared as follows. These complex compounds were inoculated onto the carbon (AG-3, BET area near 800 m2/g) by means of adsorption from dimethylformamide solutions. The portion of complex compound weighed so as to achieve 3% of Co content was mixed with the carbon, then 5 ml of dimethylformamide per 1 g of the carbon were added and the mixture was cured at room temperature for 24 hours. Series of samples obtained were thermally treated (pyrolyzed), and the resulting grafted carbons were tested as electrode materials in the reaction of molecular oxygen reduction. 

IR spectra did not show differences between the intermediate phase and the disordered cancrinite. Therefore, IR techniques fail when were used to identify these phases. One more effective way to identify disordered cancrinite and the intermediate phase is by using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Fig 1 shows the diffractogram of both tectosilicates. In the intermediate phase, the observed peaks correspond with those reported in the literature[4]. The main differences between both spectra correspond to those peaks placed between 25°<20<35°, which are more intense for the disordered cancrinite [9]. Likewise, the results of specific surface area for the intermediate phase (sample 5) and the disordered cancrinite (sample 6) were 35 and 41 m2/g respectively. The antacid capacity test was carried out with the samples 5 and 6. Fig. 2 shows the relationship between experimental pH versus the mass content of the tectosilicates. The neutralization capacity of these solids is related with its carbonate content which reacts with the synthetic gastric juice to neutralize it. In general, the behaviour of solids is similar the pH increases as the weight of the studied solid is increased. However, a less disordered cancrinite mass amount must be employed to reach a pH= 4 in comparison... 

Comparison of the relative sediment toxicity of different SPs can be difficult as there are a variety of different test methods and endpoints evaluated, in addition to other confounding factors relating to sediment quality. Amweg et al. [28] determined the toxicity of six SPs to //. azteca in 10-day studies at 23 °C in natural sediments containing 1-6% OC. Toxicity data were reported as bulk sediment concentrations and normalized to the organic carbon content (Table 5). The results indicated that normalization removed some, but not all, of the variability between sediments. Other factors such as sediment texture may also affect bioavailability and hence apparent toxicity in sediment studies. 

Few comprehensive classification schemes for CCP exist. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM 1994) classifies two catgories of fly ash (Class F and Class C) based upon chemical and physical properties of the fly ash (the total amount of Si + A1 + Fe, sulphate, loss on ignition). This classification system was developed for the use of fly ash as an admixture in concrete. More recently, new classification schemes have been developed that place emphasis on textural descriptions, the form of carbon (or char ), and the surface properties of fly ash (Hower Mastalerz 2001). These new classification schemes for fly ash may be the result of growing concern over mercury emissions from coal-fired boilers. Studies have shown that mercury adsorption onto the surface of fly ash particles is a function of both the total carbon content and the gas temperature at the point of fly ash collection (Hower et al. 2000). 

Just as a relationship exists between the various properties of petroleum with parameters such as depth of burial of the reservoir (Speight, 1999), similar relationships exist for the properties of coal (e.g., Solomon, 1981 Speight, 1994). Variations in hydrogen content with carbon content or oxygen content with carbon content and with each other have also been noted. However, it should be noted that many of the published reports cite the variation of analytical data or test results not with rank in the true sense of the word but with elemental carbon content that can only be approximately equated to rank. 

A large number of heterogeneous catalysts have been tested under screening conditions (reaction parameters 60 °C, linoleic acid ethyl ester at an LHSV of 30 L/h, and a fixed carbon dioxide and hydrogen flow) to identify a suitable fixed-bed catalyst. We investigated a number of catalyst parameters such as palladium and platinum as precious metal (both in the form of supported metal and as immobilized metal complex catalysts), precious-metal content, precious-metal distribution (egg shell vs. uniform distribution), catalyst particle size, and different supports (activated carbon, alumina, Deloxan , silica, and titania). We found that Deloxan-supported precious-metal catalysts are at least two times more active than traditional supported precious-metal fixed-bed catalysts at a comparable particle size and precious-metal content. Experimental results are shown in Table 14.1 for supported palladium catalysts. The Deloxan-supported catalysts also led to superior linoleate selectivity and a lower cis/trans isomerization rate was found. The explanation for the superior behavior of Deloxan-supported precious-metal catalysts can be found in their unique chemical and physical properties—for example, high pore volume and specific surface area in combination with a meso- and macro-pore-size distribution, which is especially attractive for catalytic reactions (Wieland and Panster, 1995). The majority of our work has therefore focused on Deloxan-supported precious-metal catalysts. 

The effect of carbon content has already been discussed generally, but it should be noted that if carbon is allowed to accumulate in the pores of the adsorbent it will block them quite as effectively as will inorganic impurities, and hence contribute to the deterioration. That moderate variations in carbon content have no effect on the rate of deterioration of adsorbents is shown in Figure 7, which presents results of some of the laboratory tests made on the adsorbents during the full-scale comparison of Synthad and bone char, to which reference has already been made.4... 

Pipet 10.0 mL of Hydrochloric Acid Solution into each flask, stopper each flask, and swirl gently until the carbon is completely wetted. Loosen the stoppers to vent the flasks, place on a hot plate in a fume hood, and bring the contents to a boil. Allow to boil gently for 30 2 s to remove any sulfur (which may interfere with the test results). Remove the flasks from the hot plate and cool to room temperature. 

The test results show that n-paraffin (1) linearly raises the cetane of unadditized diesel without a top-end limit (2) can linearly raise the cetane of nonresponsive diesel blends (3) is synergistic with traditional cetane improvers (4) has a low sulfur content and (5) increases endproduct volume added (4, 5). When n-alkanes and cetane enhancers were added to a diesel fuel with a cetane number of 32 to raise the cetane number to 43, a 10% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions was achieved. 

Example 6 Example of t-test using Hypothesis B. Seven samples of catalyst are analyzed for carbon content by two technicians with the following results. Is there any difference between the two analyses ... 

To see the effect of tenq erature on the melting of carbonates, additional tests were carried out for spruce bark and willow in 30 bar steam and at 700 °C, which was clearly below the eutectic. The results showed that the spruce bark had no ash sintering but the willow ash was clearly sintered. This observation and the behaviour of alfalfa indicate that chemical compounds other than carbonates arc also involved in ash sintering. One explanation could be found in the chlorine chemistry Below 700 "C the major part of chlorine remains in ash. The chlorine content of Danish straw ashes, which were prepared at 550 °C in a laboratory furnace, is shown in Table 4. Mixtures of compounds CaCl and KCl, and also KCI and K2CO3 are possible. The former mixture has the eutectic of595 C and the latter 640 °C [11]. 

The amount of the tars in the fly ash from bark tested in the Vhmamo gasifier is in general higher than in fly ash from wood chips. It seems to be a relationship between the fixed carbon content of the fuel and the tars in the fly ash. Fuels with a high fixed carbon such as bark result in a higher amount of tars in fly ash than the fuels with low fixed carbon. However there is an indication that the fuel particle size have big influence on the tar content of the fly ash. The total amount of the unbumed carbon in the fly ash from both bark and wood chips in Vamamo plant is in the same range and at the same level as in the fly ash from combustion plants. 

Other test methods that are used for determining the coking value of tar and pitch (ASTM D-2416, ASTM D-4715), which indicates the relative coke-forming properties of tars and pitches, might also be applied to asphalt. Both test methods are applicable to tar and pitch with an ash content <0.5% (ASTM D-2415). The former test method (ASTM D-2416) gives results close to those obtained by the Conradson carbon residue test (ASTM D-189, IP 13). However, in the latter test method (ASTM D-4715), a sample is heated for a specified time at 550 10°C (1022 18°F) in an electric furnace. The percentage of residue is reported as the coking value. 

Pull test results for all three substrates showed that the films enriched with tin have higher adhesive and cohesive strengths than those of higher carbon content. The metallic films acted as good water vapor permeability barriers in accord with what is expected for metal coatings. 

---