Carbohydrates weight control

Nut seeds are also high in protein and low in carbohydrates. Diets high in protein and low carbohydrate have been shown to decrease hunger, reduce body fat, lower blood pressure, and improve blood lipid levels by decreasing TAG and LDL cholesterol levels [43,93,134-137]. Thus, inclusion of moderate amounts of nut seeds as a part of a well-balanced food intake, ideally when substituted for other fat or protein sources in the diet, may be useful in designing adequate diets intended for weight loss and weight control. 

Problems of body weight control involve primarily the limitation of fat deposition or the removal of excess fat. Because carbohydrates may be converted to fat, systems of weight control invariably consider the carbohydrate intake as well as the fat intake. Both need to be controlled, but there are various interrelated factors involved in energy metabolism and the deposition or mobihzation of fat. 

A grouping of similar foods by serving sizes which provide essentially equivalent nutritive value in terms of calories, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. This type of system is designed so that people on modified diets might select foods which fit their dietary prescriptions. The most commonly used exchange lists are those for diabetics, because they are also useful for weight control. 

Whole cereals are considered rich sources of dietary fiber. This fraction, rich in insoluble or structural carbohydrates, is not digested in the human gastrointestinal tract, and therefore does not provide calories. Dietary fiber is playing an important role in the current design of diets because it affects gastrointestinal function, and is considered as preventive and therapeutic for weight control, metabolic syndrome, and chronic diseases. There are clear differences in the composition and quality... 

Weight control Avoidance of excessive dietary carbohydrate Hypolipidaemic drugs... 

The nutrient stress hypothesis can be tested by comparing diet-tissue A N values of animals on low versus normal and high protein diets. Our controlled diet experiments, although primarily designed to trace carbon from different dietary macronutrient fractions (proteins versus carbohydrates, fats and sugars) to animal tissues under different levels of nutrient stress (Ambrose and Norr 1993) may be suitable for testing this hypothesis because they contain diets with 5, 20 and 70% protein by weight. 

In addition to fiber and carbohydrate content, protein intake from legumes may have weight-loss benefits for obese individuals just because proteins enhance post-meal satiety (Rolls, 1995). However, a possible specific role for phytoestrogens in obesity has been postulated through the modulation of the satiety response, a neuroendocrine mechanism controlled by leptin (a hormone secreted by adipose tissue and already known to be regulated by... 

During these MNT educational and planning sessions, patients receive instructions on appropriate food selection, preparation, and proper portion control. The primary focus of MNT for patients with type 1 DM is matching optimal insulin dosing to carbohydrate consumption. In type 2 DM, the primary focus is calorie reduction to achieve weight loss. 

F. Paul, E. Oriol, D. Auriol, and P. Monsan, Acceptor reaction of a highly purified dextransucrase with maltose and oligosaccharides. Application to the synthesis of controlled molecular weight dextrans, Carbohydr. Res., 149 (1986) 433-441. 

Polysaccharide synthesis is under enzymatic control, but does not occur from a template as in protein synthesis. For this reason, each molecule of a particular polysaccharide will have its own unique molecular weight. The molecular weight of a carbohydrate polymer is usually expressed as an average. Starch or cellulose chains, for example, may vary by several hundred thousand in their molecular weights between individual molecules. For an excellent review of carbohydrate chemistry, see Binkley (1988). 

Polysaccharide solubility in aqueous solutions usually is dependent on polymer size and its allied three-dimensional structure. Even water-insoluble carbohydrates may be solubilized by controlled hydrolysis of o-glycosidic linkages to create smaller polysaccharide molecules. Thus, cellulose may be solubilized by heating in an alkaline solution until the polymers are broken up sufficiently to reduce their average molecular weight. Many such soluble forms of common polysaccharides are available commercially. 

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