Gastrointestinal function

GI Function—Measurement of gastric emptying and intestinal transit Acid Secretion—Measurement of gastric acid secretion (Shay rat) 

GI Irritation—Assessment of potential irritancy to the gastric mucosa Emesis—Nausea, vomiting 

Appropriate methodology to evaluate effects on G1 transit and motility include the following  

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BOEKEMA P J, SAMSOM M, VAN BERGE HENEGOUWEN G P, SMOUT A J (1999) Coffee and gastrointestinal function facts and fiction. A review. Scand. J Gastroenterol Suppl. 230 35-9. 

KiMURA T, NAKATA s, HARADA Y, YOSHIDA A (1986) Effect of ingested winged bean lectin on gastrointestinal function in the rat. JNutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 32 101-10. 

KOIKE D, YAMADERA K, DiMAGNO E p (1995) Effect of a wheat amylase inhibitor on canine carbohydrate digestion, gastrointestinal function, and pancreatic growth. Gastroenterology. 108 1221-9. 

Figure 18.1 Summary of the regulatory mechanisms influencing gastrointestinal function.

Straightforward thiamine deficiency in man, beri-beri, is characterized by accumulation of pyruvic and lactic acids in the blood and brain, and impairment of cardiovascular, nervous, and gastrointestinal function (DIO, G17, P4, Yl). Neurological lesions characterize thiamine deficiency in growing rats (B40), guinea pigs (M6), mice (M13), chicks, and pigeons (B30). The effects of thiamine deficiency on the central nervous system of animals have been reviewed (DIO). 

Heightened sensory perceptions Stimulates appetite Perceived slower passage of time Panic or anxiety Dissociative symptoms Physiological Effects Increases heart rate Reduces body temperature Slowed gastrointestinal function Electrophysiology... 

Despite limited success with amitriptyline in some anorexia patients, using this class of antidepressants can be problematic in AN patients and therefore cannot be routinely recommended. TCAs slow gastrointestinal function and can therefore worsen the constipation and bloating that commonly plague AN patients during refeeding. In addition, TCAs can increase the likelihood of seizure or cardiac arrhythmia in patients already at risk due to electrolyte disturbances. Moreover, they are often lethal after overdose. 

CA009 Boekema, P. J., M. Samsom, G. P. van Berge Henegouven, and A. J. Smout. Coffee, and gastrointestinal function facts, and fiction. A review. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1999 230 35—39. 

Disease states that influence gastrointestinal function or first pass-effect... 

Bhanthumnavin K, Schuster MM. Aging and gastrointestinal function. In Finch CE, Hayflick L, eds. Handbook of the biology of aging. New York Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1977 709-723. 

Toda N, Herman AG Gastrointestinal function regulation by nitrergic efferent nerves. Pharmacol Rev 2005 57 315. [PMID 16109838]... 

If disturbances of gastrointestinal function prevent the use of oral sustained-release morphine, the fentanyl transdermal system (fentanyl patch) can be used over long periods. Furthermore, buccal transmucosal fentanyl can be used for short episodes of breakthrough pain (see Alternative Routes of Administration). Administration of strong opioids by nasal insufflation has been shown to be efficacious, and nasal preparations are now available in some countries. Approval of such formulations in the USA is growing. In addition, stimulant drugs such as the amphetamines have been shown to enhance the analgesic actions of the opioids and thus may be very useful adjuncts in the patient with chronic pain. 

Improved gastrointestinal function Short bowel syndrome in patients who are also receiving specialized nutritional support... 

FIGURE 5—59. Peripheral 5HT3 and 5HT4 receptors in the gut may regulate appetite as well as other gastrointestinal functions, such as gastrointestinal motility. 

Experiments carried out in the conscious rat demonstrated that H3 receptors contribute only to the central, and not the peripheral, regulation of intestinal motility (Fargeas et al., 1989). In addition, the concomitant ineffectiveness on acid secretion of peripherally administered H3 ligands seems to exclude a significant role of H3 receptors in the peripheral regulation of gastrointestinal functions. Lastly, in the mouse H3 receptors do not seem to have any appreaciable influence on gastrointestinal motility (Oishi et al., 1993)... 

Bertaccini, G., Coruzzi, G., Poli, E., 1991. Review article. The histamine H3 receptor A novel prejunctional receptor regulating gastrointestinal functions. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 5,... 

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