Carbohydrates, refined types

It is a complex mixture of acetone-insoluble phosphatides that consists chiefly of phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and phosphatidyl inositol combined with various amounts of other substances such as triglycerides, fatty acids, and carbohydrates. Refined grades of Lecithin may contain any of these components in varying proportions and combinations depending on the type of fractionation used. In its oil-free form, the preponderance of triglycerides and fatty acids is removed and the product contains 90% or more of phosphatides representing ah or certain fractions of the total phosphatide complex. Edible diluents, such as cocoa butter and vegetable oils, often replace soybean oil to improve functional and flavor characteristics. Lecithin is only partially soluble in water, but it readily hydrates to form emulsions. The oil-free phosphatides are soluble in fatty acids, but they are practically insoluble in fixed oils. When ah phosphatide fractions are present, Lecithin is partially soluble in alcohol and practically insoluble in acetone. 

Reduce or avoid sweets. Many of my kapha patients have told me that they seem to gain weight easily even when they don t eat much. They may be getting too many sweets and starchy foods, consuming processed sugar and refined carbohydrates. Earth types seem poorly equipped to handle these substances, which their body easily stores as fat. 

Simple Carbohydrate monosaccharides such as glucose, fructose, and galactose that cannot be broken down by water Single Replacement Reaction type of chemical reaction in which one element replaces another in a compound Smelting to melt an ore in order to refine a metal from the ore... 

Two vanadium bromoperoxidases that differ in carbohydrate content [26,33] have been isolated from A. nodosum. The most abundant bromoperoxidase, V-BrPO-I, was found in the thallus, and the other bromoperoxidase, V-BrPO-II, was reported to be present on the thallus surface [26], A previous report also concluded that V-BrPO is present in two different locations of A. nodosum, one in the cell walls of the transitional region between the cortex and medulla of the thallus and the other in the cell wall of the thallus surface [34], More recent experiments demonstrate that vanadium-dependent bromoperoxidase activity is present in both the cortical and surface protoplasts of M. pyrifera [35], L. saccharina, and L. digitata [36], The biosynthesis of V-BrPO in the protoplasts of L. saccharina has been shown using [35S]-methionine [36], The vanadium bromoperoxidases are all acidic proteins [26] with very similar amino acid compositions [37], V-BrPO (A. nodosum) has been crystallized, although refined structural data have not been reported yet [38], A different isolation procedure, based primarily on a two-phase extraction system, has been described [39,40], This procedure works well for certain types of algae (e.g., Laminaria) but not for the isolation of V-BrPO from A. nodosum, the principal source of V-BrPO for the mechanistic studies. 

From the structural point of view, this series of relatively simple compounds offers the possibility of verifying and refining the n.m.r. parameters of die various units of extension of carbohydrate chains of the N-acetyllactosamine type, namely, Fuc and NeuAc, both in different types of linkage (compare, Tables XIII, XIV, XVII, and XXI). Moreover the parameters of an additional N-acetyllactosamine unit in /3-( 1—>-3) linkage to Gal of the original unit can be established (see compound 60) such a structural unit is known to occur in various oligosac-... 

Phospholipids. These components are better known to oil processors as phospha-tides and are frequently referred to, together with small quantities of carbohydrates and resins, as gums that have adverse effects on product quality and refined oil yield. Phosphatides are emulsifiers, and so hinder the separation of oil and water phases in the caustic-refining process. The phosphatides are broadly separated into hydratable and nonhydratable types. As the name implies, hydratable phosphatides can be removed by treatment with water, and the nonhydratable compounds, which are salts or coordination compounds of calcium and magnesium primarily... 

Effective utilization of biomass for value-added chemical product synthesis will require development of new applications of important unit operations. Carbohydrate recovery from the biomass is the key near-term application for production of commodity chemicals. Protein recovery will continue to have an important niche market in tlie purified form as food and a larger low-value market in the crude form as animal feed. Important processing information for carbohydrate depolymerization can be found in the literature from biochemical conversion of biomass. New process applications of separation technologies are just now being developed and refined for use with biomass-derived carbohydrate and protein streams. The use of an aqueous processing environment for carbohydrates will require careful consideration of the differences that type of environment entails, such as the effect on catalyst formulations. 

Burkltt (10,13) first observed the rarity of large bowel cancer in most African populations and suggested that populations consuming a diet rich in fiber have a lower Incidence of this type of cancer, while those eating refined carbohydrates... 

Cellulose is an abundant carbohydrate of commercial and biological importance, found in all plants as the major structural component of the plant cell wall. When we think of cellulose, we usually think of trees and wood, although this is a relatively impure form of cellulose mixed with many other components such as hemicelluloses and lignin. The cellulose in wood is used to make paper, which is a type of refined cellulose. The fluffy fiber found in the cotton boll is the purest naturally occurring form of cellulose (see Fig. 1.1 A). 

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