Partition chromatography, carbohydrate

Larsson and Degens [171] devised an automated system for determining carbohydrates in biological samples using partition chromatography for the separation and the orcinol colorimetric method for the final analysis. Later versions of this kind of autoanalyser, using tetrazolium blue or a Cu1 complex of bicinchoninate for the final measurement, have been reported [172]. 

Separation and quantitation of carbohydrate mixtures may be achieved using HPLC, a method that does not necessitate the formation of a volatile derivative as in GLC. Both partition and ion-exchange techniques have been used with either ultraviolet or refractive index detectors. Partition chromatography is usually performed in the reverse phase mode using a chemically bonded stationary phase and acetonitrile (80 20) in 0.1 mol U1 acetic acid as the mobile phase. Anion- and cation-exchange resins have both been used. Carbohydrates... 

Because of the different interactions involved in partition and adsorption processes, they may be applied to different separation problems. Partition processes are the most effective for the separation of small molecules, especially those in homologous series. Partition chromatography has been widely used for the separation and identification of amino acids, carbohydrates, and fatty acids. Adsorption techniques, represented by ion-exchange chromatography, are most effective when applied to the separation of macromolecules including proteins and nucleic acids. 

Several new phases applied to maltosaccharide analysis that seem to be promising have been described in the literature, for instance, a silica-phase covered with polymeric polyamine resin, and an entirely polymeric resin containing an amide function (35). In any case, partition chromatography is restricted mainly to the utilization of polar-bonded phases, as already described. Nevertheless, there have been a certain number of applications of reversed-phase chromatography that permit relatively simple separations to be achieved. Octadecyl-bonded silica phases are the most widely used, although few applications involve carbohydrate analysis. Their interest lies rather in the analysis of derivated sugars, where the selectivity increases (36). 

Josefsson [5] determined soluble carbohydrates in seawater by partition chromatography after desalting by ion exchange membranes. The electrodialysis cell used had a sample volume of 430mL and an effective membrane surface area of 52cm2. Perinaplex A-20 and C-20 ion exchange membranes were used. The water-cooled carbon electrodes were... 

Chromatography has proved to be an excellent tool for the identification and isolation of carbohydrates. Both paper and partition chromatography were employed for the identification and separation of D-tagatose from the gum exudate of Sterculia setigera. Previous to that, D-psicose and L-sorbose had been placed in the absorption series listed for clay.88 Conditions for zoning keto-D-psicose pentaacetate on magnesol-celite have been described by Binkley and Wolfrom (see page 126, ref. 137). 

The Gas-Liquid Partition Chromatography of Carbohydrate Derivatives. Part III. The Separation of Amino Glycose Derivatives and of Carbohydrate Acetal and Ketal Derivatives, H. G. Jones, J. K. N. Jones, and M. B. Perry, Can.]. Chem., 40 (1962) 1559 -1563. 

Unmodified cellulose Partition chromatography due to polar interactions Amino acids and other carboxyhc acids as well as carbohydrates... 

Carbohydrate Derivatives, Separation of, by Gas-Liquid Partition Chromatography (Bishop). 10 1... 

The discovery that 1 mole of 2-methylquinoxaline is formed from one mole of carbohydrate " led the authors to an attempt to obtain it by a method simpler than ion-exchange chromatography. " Separation of 2-methylquinoxaline from other quinoxaline derivatives was found possible by partition chromatography, but a method involving extraction with organic solvents is even more advantageous. All of the quinoxaline... 

Paper chromatography of amino acids is best described as partition chromatography between the stationary aqueous (most polar) phase in the cellulose fibers and the mobile (least polar) phase formed by the solvent system used. The actual situation is somewhat more complicated. The stationary phase cannot be described as pure water but rather as a concentrated aqueous carbohydrate solution. Elements of adsorption chromatography are involved as shown by the relatively small/ f values for aromatic amino acids and by the possibility of separating enantiomers (mirror images) of amino acids depending on the chirality of the cellulose in the paper. 

CELLULOSE. Organic sorbents used for separations of hydrophilic compounds such as amino acids and carbohydrates by normal-phase partition chromatography. Native, fibrous and microcrystalline (rod-shaped) celluloses are available commercially and differ in separation properties. 

Partition chromatography is also an alternative for the separation of carbohydrates. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) provides improved separations compared with more-conventional reversed-phase LC methods. These HILIC-based separations are normally carried out using functionalized silica-particle columns, in which an amino group, such as a trifimctional aminopropylsilane, is bonded. 

Abscisic acid (ABA), 784-785 Absorption measurement, 208 Acid dyes, 1015,1016 Adsorbent gradient, ISO Adsorbents, 17 Adsorption chromatography aluminas and, 17,107 Kowalska model of, 63-64 O ik model of, 61-62 Scott-Kucera model of, 62-63 silica gels and, 17,104 Synder-Soczewinski model of, 60 Alcoholic products, dyes from, 1005 Alkaloids from plants, 1040 pyrrolizidine, 1036-1040 Aluminas, 17,106-107 adsorption chromatography and, 107 partition chromatography and, 107 physical and chemical properties, 106-107 for separation of carbohydrates, 494 Amikacin, 458-461... 

Kanamycin, 458-461 Kieselguhr, 107-108 for separation of carbohydrates, 494 Kowalska model of adsorption and partition chromatography, 63-64... 

Sensors, 376-379 chronometers, 379 measuring sensors, 378-379 positioning sensors, 376-377 thermocouple sensors, 379 Sephadex, 109-110 Silica 50,000,108 for separation of carbohydrates, 487 SiUca gel, 17,102-106,930 adsorption chromatognqihy and, 17,104 bound to optically active poly(meth) acrylic acid amid 633-ti34 with concentrating zone, 122 detection of peptides and proteins on, 435-437 partition chromatography artd, 104-106 physical and chemical properties, 102-103 RP-modified, 123 surface-active, 122... 

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