Carbohydrate fermentation sucrose

Bones and teeth dissolve in acid. The insoluble calcium monophosphate salt, from which hydroxyapatite is made, is converted to the more soluble calcium dihydrogen phosphate salt in an environment whose pH is less than 6.2 (Sect. 9.1.1). The severity of caries was related to the pH produced in dental biofilms (plaques) after ingesting sucrose and other sugars by Richard M Stephan. The pH response he identified is referred to as Stephan Curve. He found that the starting pH, the extent of its drop, and the time for recovery to the starting pH were all related to caries severity. The pH drop was later associated with lactic acid production due to bacterial carbohydrate fermentation (saccharolytic fermentation, Sect. 1.3.2). The subsequent rise in pH was due to the production of ammonia by bacterial... 

In alcoholic fermentation (also called ethanol fermentation) yeast species, such as Sac-charomyces cerevisiae, convert carbohydrates, mainly sucrose or glucose, under anaerobic conditions into ethanol, and carbon dioxide (Figure 4A.23). 

Cocoa pods, the fruits of the cocoa tree, are opened after harvesting, as they contain the cocoa beans surrounded by a white, mucilaginous pulp. It is this carbohydrate-rich pulp that is the substrate for microbial fermentation and not the cocoa beans themselves, albeit that the composition of the latter changes, as already mentioned. The cocoa pulp consists mainly of water, carbohydrates (primarily sucrose, glucose, and fructose), pectin, and organic acids (predominantly citric acid), with smaller amounts of proteins, minerals, and oligoelements (De Vuyst et al. 2010 Schwan et al. 1995). The ratios of the carbohydrates depend on the... 

The above chemicals can be obtained by fermentation (qv) of other sugars. However, some compounds require sucrose as a unique feedstock. Examples are the polysaccharides dextran, alteman, andlevan, which are produced by specific strains of bacteria (48,54—56). Dextrans are used to make chromatographic separation media, and sulfated dextran derivatives are used as plasma extenders (41). Levans show promise as sweetness potentiators and, along with alteman, have potential as food thickeners and bulking agents in reduced-caloric foods (55,56) (see Carbohydrates). 

Bioethanol can be produced from a large variety of carbohydrates with a general formula of (CHjO) . Chemical reaction is composed of enzymatic hydrolysis of sucrose followed by fermentation of simple sugars. Fermentation of sucrose is performed using commercial yeast such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. First, invertase enzyme in the yeast catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose to convert it into glucose and fmctose. 

Butanol, which at one time was an unwanted by-product in the preparation of acetone, is now the most important product of the fermentation. The building of a large new factory in Puerto Rico using 10,000 tons of molasses per annum for its production is an indication of this importance. Butanol is probably still the best solvent for cellulose nitrate lacquers. Dibutyl phthalate is certainly the most widely used plasticizer for synthetic resins, and butyl oleate, tributyl citrate and dibutyl tartrate have also been described as plasticizers. Another important use of butanol is as a source of butadiene, which serves as an intermediate in the conversion of sucrose into a synthetic rubber. Although in recent years other methods have been described for the preparation of butanol (for example, from ethyl alcohol and from acetylene), yet the fermentation of carbohydrates is still the cheapest process. 

Propionic acid has been obtained by the fermentation of sucrose, as well as of many other carbohydrate materials, by a suitable strain of Propionibacterium in yields of about 60%. Studies have been made on... 

Lactose [63-42-3] - [CARBOHYDRATES] (Vol 4) - [MILKANDMILKPRODUCTS] (Vol 16) - [FEEDS AND FEED ADDITIVES - RUMINANT FEEDS] (Vol 10) - [SUGAR- SPECIAL SUGARS] (Vol 23) - [FINECHEMICALS - STANDARDS] (Vol 10) -compared to suaose [SUGAR - PROPERTIES OF SUCROSE] (Vol 23) -enzymatic degradation [ENZYME APPLICATIONS - THERAPEUTIC] (Vol 9) -use in antibiotic fermentation [ANTIBIOTICS - BETA-LACTAMS - CEPHALOSPORINS] (Vol 3)... 

When a sucrose- or other simple carbohydrate-based solution is mixed with yeast and oxygen in a fermenter, carbon dioxide vapour and alcohol are produced. The carbon dioxide can then be passed through a separator to remove any trace cany-over of foam. Once the foam has been removed the carbon dioxide is compressed. It is then scrubbed with water in a packed tower, removing water-soluble impurities such as alcohol, ketones and other aroma chemicals produced during fermentation. 

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