Carbohydrate feed

Coyle, E.F., Hagberg, J.M., Hurley, B.F., Martin, W.H., Ehsani, E.E., Holloszy, J.O. (1983). Carbohydrate feeding during prolonged exercise can delay fatigue. J. Appl. Physiol. 55,230-235. 

On the other hand, organics may be removed fi"om aqueous solutions by applying a high silica membrane of a suitable pore size. An application might be the continuous removal of ethanol by e.g. a Silicalite-1 based membrane from carbohydrate fermentation liquids. The Microorganisms used are deactivated at an alcohol content > 12%. By continuous removal of the alcohol produced its concentration may be kept at a level below 12% enabling a higher final conversion of the carbohydrate feed. 

High metallic ion concentrations and high total salt content in the carbohydrate feed has been found to decrease the yield in citric acid fermentation, These ions can be removed by passing the carbohydrate solution through cation and anion exchange resin beds. The salts required for optimum microorganism activity can be added in the desired concentration prior to fermentation. 

Leibowitz, S.F., Xuereb, M. Kim, T. (1992) Blockade of natural and neuropeptide Y-induced carbohydrate feeding by a receptor antagonist PYX-2. Neuroreport 1992, 3. 

The third question to ask is whether the chemical industry is geared to handle carbohydrate feed stocks as starting materials. The answer is that there are... 

Fig. D-12 shows that each type of insulin has specific characteristics relating to its speed and duration of action. Hence, meal patterns must be coordinated so that carbohydrate feedings throughout the day correspond with the times of maximum action of the injected insulin(s). Typical patterns follow.

Burke, L.M., Collier, G.R., Davis, P.G., Fricker, P.A., Sanigorski, A.J., and Hargreaves, M., Muscle glycogen storage after prolonged exercise effect of the frequency of carbohydrate feedings. Am J Clin Nutr, 64, 115, 1996. 

In contrast, the effect on performance of carbohydrate feeding 30 to 60 min before exercise is unclear. Although blood glucose concentrations increased after ingestion of carbohydrate, one study reported improved and othCTS - showed no effects on performance compared to controls. There was consensus of no adverse effects on performance. Sherman et al. reported a 15% improvement in cycling performance when cyclists consumed 300 g of carbohydrate 4 h before the performance test. Thus, exogenous carbohydrate fed before exercise may be beneficial to individuals who have low glycogen stores. 

Wright, D.A., Sherman, W.M., and Dernback, A.R., Carbohydrate feedings before, during or in combination improve cycling performance, J. Appl. Physiol., 71, 1082-1088. 1991. 

In a clinical study it has been emphasized not only how the decreased food intake in for example slimming, induced attacks in 11% of patients with acute intermittent porphyria, but they also demonstrated how the urinary output of porphyrin precursors varied inversely with the amount of carbohydrate and protein in the diet [94]. The inhibitory effect of carbohydrate feeding on ALA-synthetase induction has also been demonstrated experimentally [95, 96, 97]. 

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