Capsule curved

FIGURE 3 Change offluorescence intensity ratio-Rat 580 and 640 nm for curve 1-SNARF-l dextran water solution curve 2 - containing SNARF-1 dextran capsules curve 3 - SNARF-1 dextran/urease capsules (sample I, 0.6 pg dye/capsule curve 4 - SNARF-1 dextran/urease capsules (sample II, 0.2 pg dye/capsule) in 0.05M TRlS-maleate buffer at pH in range 5.5-9. 

Fig. 2. DSC thermograms of gel-crystallized drawn UHMWPE (draw ratio is 80) recorded with heating rate of 1.25K/min in different conditions free fiber, m = 0.01 mg (curve 1) ditto, m = 0.4 mg (curve 2) fiber pressured in a capsule (curve 3) constrained fiber with fixed ends (curve 4). A and B represents peaks.

The phial must be larger in capacity than the rest of the power element or the charge within it may all pass into the valve capsule and tube, if these are colder. If this happened, the phial at Tj would contain only vapour and would not respond to a position Tj, p on the T-p curve. 

Fig. 17 Effect of powder bed height, piston height, and compression force on plug ejection force in an instrumented Zanasi LZ-64 automatic capsule-filling machine (pregelatinized starch lubricated with 0.005% magnesium stearate). Note that the first point of each curve is precompression. Piston height (mm) , 15 -jlf, 14 , 13 , 12. Powder bed height (mm) heavy line, 30 light line, 50. (From Ref. 51.)...

AM Mehta, LL Augsburger. Quantitative evaluation of force displacement curves in an automatic capsule filling machine. Presented to the IPT Section, A.Ph.A. Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 128th Annual A.Ph.A. Meeting, St. Louis, March-April 1981. 

Commercial samples containing approximately 400 mg of ephedra per capsule yield roughly 5 mg of ephedrine, 1 mg of pseudoephedrine, and less than 1 mg of methylephedrine (White et al. 1997). For a dose of four capsules, yielding approximately 20 mg of ephedrine, the elimination half-life is 5.2 hours. The time to reach maxium concentration is 3.9 hours. Compared to pure ephedrine tablets, the elimination kinetics of ephedra are comparable. However, ephedra showed somewhat different absorption kinetics (e.g., lag time, area under the concentration-time curve, and maximum plasma concentration). So, ephedra tablets may vary from pure ephedrine in the onset of action, but the durations of action are grossly equivalent. 

Phagocytosis rate increase. Polysaccharide fraction of the fruit, administered to adults at a concentration of 10 pg/mL, was active on polymorphonuclear leukocytes k Pharmacokinetics. Hexane extract of the fruit, administered rectally to 12 healthy male adults at a dose of 640 mg, produced bioavailability similar to that observed for the oral formulations. Extract, administered orally to healthy males at a dose of 320 mg (1 X 320 mg capsule, new formulation or 2 X 160 mg, reference preparation) for 1 month, produced a rapid absorption with a peak time (T J of 1.5-1.58 hour and peak plasma level (C J of 2.54-2.67 pg/mL. The area under the curve value ranged from 7.99 to 8.42 pg/hour/mL. The plasma concentration-time profile of both preparation was nearly identical. Both preparations can be considered as bioequivalenp Hexane ex-... 

Rectal bioavailability and pharmacokinetics. Serenoa repens extract, administered rectally to 12 healthy male volunteers at a dose of 640 mg/person, produced the mean maximum concentration in plasma of nearly 2.60 (Xg/mL approx 3 hours after administration, with mean value for the area under the curve AUC 10 (Xg/hour/mL. The bioavailability and pharmacokinetic profile were similar to those observed after oral administration. T j occurred approx 1 hour later, and plasma concentration 8 hours after drug administration was still quantified. The drug tolerability was good, and no adverse effect was observed ". Serenoa repens capsules, administered orally at a dose of 160 mg four times daily or rectally 640 mg daily for 30 days to 60 patients with BPH, produced no significant differences in diminu-... 

More easily to be understood are the effects observed when ir electrons are present in the adsorbed molecule. Figure 28 shows the change of the photoelectric emission of a platinum surface covered with benzene (76). The benzene was contained in a capsule, which could be smashed magnetically (see F in Fig. 2). The tube, G in Fig. 2, was cooled by liquid air. At the points of the curve marked with arrows, the cooling of G was interrupted for 1 or 2 min., so that a small quantity of benzene molecules might be adsorbed at the platinum surface. The sensitivity increased (Fig. 28) at first and then decreased after passing a maximum, which was reached in the vicinity of the monomolecular covering (B, C in Fig. 28). 

The variety of materials which can be incorporated into polyelectrolyte multilayers makes them attractive to use as biosensors [431], Polyelectrolyte multilayers can also be formed on curved surfaces of small particles [432], After adsorption, the core particle can be chemically dissolved and a hollow polyelectrolyte capsule remains. These capsules are selectively permeable for small molecules like water or certain dyes. The permeability can be tuned externally by varying the ion strength, pH, temperature and solvent nature [433 135], Therefore, it has been suggested to use them as selective membranes for separation, as well as a possible drug delivery system. The adjustment of their size and permeability allows us to exploit them as micro- or nanocontainers for chemical synthesis and crystallization. 

Poole et al. (1968) administered ampicillin anhydrate and trihydrate to human subjects as 250 mg doses of the suspension or in capsules. The anhydrate gave higher bioavailabilities as measured by th area under the blood level versus time curves. In suspensions, the area ratio (anhydrate/trihydrate was 1.21 and in capsules, this ratio was quite comparable at 1.17. The peak in this curve also occurred earlier for the anhydrate. This was expected based on the 20% higher solubility in water at 3 C (10 mg/ml for the anhydrate and 8 mg/mL for the trihydrate). The difference in dogs was more pronounced suspensions of the anhydrate gave 1.6 times the AUC of suspensions of th< trihydrate form. 

Ozaltin and Kocer [28] used a derivative spectroscopic method for the determination of omeprazole in pharmaceuticals. Capsule contents were powdered and a sample equivalent to one capsule content was sonicated with 10 ml ethanol, diluted to 100 ml with 0.1 M borate buffer of pH 10 and further diluted as necessary. Spectra were recorded at 50 nm/min with a 3-nm slit width second-order derivative curves were obtained for 200-400 nm using A2 = 31.5 and N = 9. The calibration graph for peak-to-peak measurements between 303 and 310 nm were linear for 0.2-40 yg/ml omeprazole and the RSDs were 1.09-4.55%. Mean recovery was 100.7%. Result agreed with those obtained by polarography. 

El-Kousy and Bebawy [31] described two stability-indicating spectro-photometric methods for the determination of omeprazole in the presence of its photodegradation products. In the first method, omeprazole from capsules or vials were dissolved in acetonitrile/water (1 1) and UV-VIS spectrophotometry used to determine the first-, second-, and third-derivative absorption curves between 200 and 400 nm. The level of omeprazole was assayed from the values of ordinates of the three curves at 290.4,... 

Sultana et al. [88] developed a reversed-phase HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of omeprazole in Risek capsules. Omeprazole and the internal standard, diazepam, were separated by Shim-pack CLC-ODS (0.4 x 25 cm, 5 m) column. The mobile phase was methanol-water (80 20), pumped isocratically at ambient temperature. Analysis was run at a flow-rate of 1 ml/min at a detection wavelength of 302 nm. The method was specific and sensitive with a detection limit of 3.5 ng/ml at a signal-to-noise ratio of 4 1. The limit of quantification was set at 6.25 ng/ml. The calibration curve was linear over a concentration range of 6.25—1280 ng/ml. Precision and accuracy, demonstrated by within-day, between-day assay, and interoperator assays were lower than 10%. 

Lin and Wu [137] established a simple capillary zone electrophoresis method for the simultaneous analysis of omeprazole and lansoprazole. Untreated fused-silica capillary was operated using a phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 9) under 20 kV and detection at 200 nm. Baseline separation was attained within 6 min. In the method validation, calibration curves were linear over a concentration range of 5-100 /iM, with correlation coefficients 0.9990. RSD and relative error were all less than 5% for the intra- and interday analysis, and all recoveries were greater than 95%. The limits of detection for omeprazole and lansoprazole were 2 fiM (S/N = 3, hydroxynamic injection 5 s). The method was applied to determine the quality of commercial capsules. Assay result fell within 94—106%. 

Coordination interactions are not the only way to use self-assembly to produce closed, capsular systems capable of binding guest species in solution. Work by Julius Rebek Jr (Scripps, USA)43 has shown that multiple hydrogen-bonding interactions, because of their relatively weak, but directional, nature, are ideal for the strict self-assembly of closed spherical molecules and capsules. For example, component 10.49 consists of two intrinsically curved diphenylglycoluril units linked by a durene-based (1,2,4,5-tetramethyl benzene-based) spacer. In both solution and in the solid state, 10.49 self-assembles spontaneously to produce the tennis ball-shaped dimer (10.49)2 shown in Figure 10.43. The formation of the dimer has been observed by ... 

The pharmaceutical and biological availability of eight commercial furose-mide preparations was compared including two products with modified release properties [67], an enteric-coated tablet and a sustained-release preparation, in the form of a capsule containing diffusion pellets [28], A correlation between the rate of dissolution of different techniques and the area under the plasma concentration time curve was documented. The sustained-release preparation and the enteric-coated formulation clearly showed different pharmacokinetic behavior compared with conventional tablets. Although the literature mentions the maximal absorption at pH 5.5, the modified release formulations only showed a relative bioavailability of 80%. 

A tennis-ball-shaped molecular aggregate can be constructed by the self-assembly of curved molecule I. Tetrameric assembly of II generates a pseudo-spherical capsule. Dimeric assembly of III can be induced by the encapsulation of smaller molecules of appropriate size and shape at the center of a spherical complex. 

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