Formulations capsulated suspension

Suspensions are two-phase systems consisting of a finely divided solid dispersed in a liquid, solid, or a gas (Table 6). They are appropriate when the drug to be incorporated is not sufficiently soluble in an ordinary solvent or cosolvent system. They are used orally and topically. Examples of compounded suspensions include pediatric oral liquids where a commercial pediatric dosage form is not available. Commercial tablets and capsules are formulated into a vehicle and can be individually flavored to the patient s preference. 

Formulations 10 mLvial containing 500 mg 20 mLvial containing 1000 mg Also available in ointment, capsules, tablets, and suspension formulations... 

The major classes of pesticides in use in the Region are organochlo-rine and organophosphorus compounds, Ccirbamates, pyrethroids and bacterial larvicides. Organophosphorus compounds are the most common, followed by pyrethroids. Insecticides are available in a variety of formulations, including emulsifiable concentrates (EC), wet-table powders (WP), dustable powders (DP), suspension concentrates (SC), oil-in-water emulsions (EW) and capsule suspensions (CS). 

GRAS listed. Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Guide (IM injections, oral capsules, suspensions, and tablets, also topical formulations). Included in nonparenteral medicines licensed in the UK. Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients. 

In contrast to more established spectroscopic techniques, SS-NMR spectra are virtually independent of the physical properties of the sample, such as particle size, homogeneity, or residual water content. Therefore, pharmaceutical solids can be studied by NMR without a need for special sample preparations. Samples viable for SS-NMR analysis include a whole range of pharmaceutical formulations such as tablets, lyophilized powders, capsules, suspensions, and ointments. SS-NMR does not suffer from a preferred orientation restriction, which often leads to an incorrect identification of polymorphs when using XRPD. In addition, SS-NMR is a nondestructive technique that allows other analyses to be performed on the same sample after the NMR spectrum is acquired. 

Formulation characteristics such as the particle size, surface area, crystal form, and dosage forms (solution, tablet, capsule, suspension, emulsion, gel, and modified released)... 

A dramatic example of the impact of crystal polymorphism on a drug formulation is that of ritonavir (Norvir ), used for the treatment of HIV patients. The problem arose in May of 1998, approximately two years after the launch of the drug, when researchers at the Abbott Laboratories became aware that after 240 production batches it was no longer possible to obtain ritonavir in the crystal form (Form I) approved by the FDA and required for the formulation of Norvir because of the sudden and unexpected appearance of a more stable and much less soluble crystal form (Form II, Fig. 3.3.17). The loss of control over the production process forced Abbott to withdraw the drug from the market for approximately one year until they learned how to replace the solid formulation with a gel capsule suspension with greater problems of stability and bioavailability. Subsequent investigations have led to the discovery of four other crystalline forms of ritonavir [33]. 

Over the last 20 years, there have also been substantial improvements to the formulation that have enhanced selectivity and improved operator safety (Mulqueen, 1998). These include suspension concentrates (SC), capsule suspension (CS), and other formulations which are sprayed as particulate suspensions in this way certain aspects of chemical application may have become similar to those of biopesticides (e.g. as in Figure 8.8). Innovations with biopesticide formulation have sometimes proved momentous for example, the discovery that my coinsecticide efficacy could be substantially enhanced by formulating in oil (Prior etal., 1988). 

The formulation of a dosage form (i.e. tablet, capsules, suspension, etc.) of this drug must be... 

Formulation l pes Emulsifiable concentrate wettable powder, granules aerosol dry seed treatment capsule suspension, smoke tablet eoating agerrt microcapsule suspension. 

This leaves two basic formulation types to consider. The first is the capsulated suspension (CS) formulation. This formulation is used to deliver a version of the active ingredient that has a reduced toxicity, reduced volatility, or a reduced release rate. The agrochemicals application area is one of the key areas when encapsulation technology has yielded commercial products. The second category is tank mix additive (TMA). The TMA is not really a formulation type on its own, but is rather any material diat is added to a tank mix to aid or modify the action of the agrichemical, or die physical characteristics of the mixture(l). It can be in almost any form, and can function in one or more of a multitude of mechanisms. 

Zegerid is a combination product containing omeprazole 20 or 40 mg with sodium bicarbonate in immediate-release oral capsules and powder for oral suspension. It should be taken on an empty stomach at least 1 hour before a meal. Zegerid offers an alternative to the delayed-release capsules or the IV formulation in adult patients with nasogastric tubes. 

Raman spectroscopy is emerging as a powerful analytical tool in the pharmaceutical industry, both in PAT and in qualitative and quantitative analyses of pharmaceuticals. Reviews of analyses of pharmaceuticals by Raman spectroscopy have been published.158 159 Applications include identification of raw materials, quantification of APIs in different formulations, polymorphic screening, and support of chemical development process scale-up. Recently published applications of Raman spectroscopy in high-throughput pharmaceutical analyses include determination of APIs in pharmaceutical liquids,160,161 suspensions,162 163 ointments,164 gel and patch formulations,165 and tablets and capsules.166-172... 

Dissolution characteristics of solid dosage forms, which depend on formulation in addition to the properties of the chemical itself (e.g., vehicle may decrease permeability of suspension or capsule to water and retard dissolution and diffusion). 

In pharmaceutical applications, sorbitol is used as a tablet diluent in wet granulation or dry compression formulations. It is commonly used in chewable tablets because of its sweet taste, and it is also used as a plasticizer for gelatin in capsule formulations. Sorbitol is utilized in sugar-free liquid preparations and as a stabilizer for drug, vitamin, and antacid suspensions. When it is used in syrups, crystallization around bottle caps is prevented. 

An important consideration in the development of soft gelatin capsules is the composition of the LII content, be it solution, suspension, or solid. The contents of soft gelatin capsules vary from solids, solid in liquid, solution or suspension, a combination of miscible liquid, ora simple liquid formulation. It is critical that each formulation is carefully developed depending on the physicochemical characteristics of the drug molecule. An optimum formulation consists of a minimum volume or weight that can be L lied in the smallest possible capsule for ease of administration and for maximum therapeutic effectiveness. Composition of the capsule content and shell composition of commonly available commercial products are presented in Tables 21.1 and 21.2, respectively. 

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