Capital expenditure , requirements

For the small installation, four basic cases were considered. These are detailed in Table V along with the capital expenditures required over the 25-year lifetime assumed for the project. Air... 

Hyde, 2001). The capital expenditure required for replacement and the durability of tunnel pasteurisers means their replacement will proceed slowly but it has been predicted that they will be gone by 2030 (Nelson, 2009). There has also been an increase in using sterile filtration as an alternative to pasteurisation. 

Since this figure is greater than the required payback time of 3.57 years, the increased capital expenditure required by alternative 1 would not be justified alternative 2 is preferred. 

Annual capital expenditure required to sustain the smelter operation. This represents the ongoing annual expenditure on equipment replacement and modification. It may be estimated as 50 per cent of the cost of new plant spread over 30 years. This recognises an average plant life of 30 years and assumes that part of the installation, such as structures, would not need replacement. 

However, cheap fuel more than offsets the capital expenditure required for fuel treatment and additives, washing the fuel, and other costs. This cost savings increases with the power capacity of a plant. Using a difference in residual oil and diesel prices of 50/ton, a 300-MW facility typically could save 22 million at 0.5 capacity factor and 36 million at 0.75 capacity factor. 

Within the project box, the cashflow oi the project (or other investment opportunity) is the forecast of the funds absorbed and the money generated during the project lifetime. Take, for example, the development of an oil field as the investment opportunity. Initially the cashflow will be dominated by the capital expenditure (capex) required to design, construct and commission the hardware for the project (e.g. platform, pipeline, wells, compression facilities). 

Boiler feed water pretreatment systems have advanced to such an extent that it is now possible to provide boilers with ultrapure water. However, this degree of purification requires the use of elaborate pretreatment systems. The capital expenditures for such pretreatment equipment trains can be considerable and are often not justified when balanced against the capabiUty of internal treatment. 

Although extremelv useful, tracer experiments require considerable capital expenditures and personnel. In addition to the difficulties and uncertainty in making estimates of various parameters, especially cr, one of the fficulties in interpreting tracer studies is relating the atmospheric conditions under which the study was conducted to the entire spectrum of atmospheric conditions. For example, trying to interpret a series of tracer... 

The TVM takes into consideration the total time that the principal was tied up into the investment. For the shares that we purchased on 1/1/01, the 100 was tied up for one full year. This portion of the investment made 10% in one year. But the shares that were purchased on 12/1/01 tied up 100 for only one month, which is a significantly higher return than the 10% per year. In fact, if an investment gained 10% every month like the latter share purchase, it would gain 207.5% in one year TVM formulas give the most accurate ROI calculation possible. They are the same formulas used by large investors and lending institutions to evaluate capital expenditures and investment alternatives. Unfortunately, in a real-world example, you would normally be unable to calculate the true TVM-ROI because the calculations require the application of advanced numerical analysis. 

Where in practice a DA plant is required, by careful selection, equipment can be provided that will not only remove the excess alkalinity but also reduce the TDS to the extent of the alkalinity removed, thereby raising the potential for high COC and lowering BD and fuel costs. The savings in fuel and treated HW provides the necessary impetus for capital expenditure. The payback period typically is under two years, and often much shorter. 

The corporation earnings that are left after the dividends have been distributed to the stockholders can be used for capital improvements. This money costs nothing to the corporation. It usually amounts to about 5% of net sales. Capital expenditures for the large chemical companies generally are between 8 and 20% of the net sales. It is obvious that money from other sources is usually required. While undistributed profits cost nothing, they should not be thought of as valueless. Unless they can produce an increase of stock value and/or future dividends greater than the immediate cash value to the stockholder, these funds should be distributed as dividends. The profits can be considered to have the same value as stock. 

Setting np a pollution prevention program does not require exotic or expensive technologies. Some of the most effective techniques are simple and inexpensive. Others reqnire significant capital expenditures, but many provide a return on that investment. 

Pharmaceutical production generally uses multipurpose equipment, and so entrapment behind a membrane would require significant capital expenditure on specialized equipment. In spite of this, the use of membrane reactors in biocatalysis represents an efficient method of enzyme immobilization, given the large molecular weight difference between enzymes (10-150 kDa) and most substrates (300-500 Da). The reader is referred to some recent reviews on the topic. 

A change in farm layout is often advisable when changing management systems, and would require resources. For example, changes in rotations and livestock use within the rotation may require extra capital expenditure for fencing and livestock purchase. However, on farms where livestock require concentrates that are sourced off-farm, the change may mean some form of decrease in stocking rate. 

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