Cannibalism

Young animals may be fed several times daily. Examples include the standard practices of feeding fry channel catfish every three hours and young northern pike as frequently as every few minutes. Keeping carnivorous species such as northern pike satiated helps reduce the incidence of cannibalism. 

There is more activity in dairy products than anywhere else in the food industry. Ice milk and fro2en yogurt, early leaders in the field, rose rapidly in sales then plummeted. Fat-free ice cream has been marketed, but final results are not yet available. Sales of these products have not cannibalized traditional ice cream (35). Standards for traditional ice cream call for a minimum of 10% butterfat. One fat-free ice cream product is prepared from nonfat milk (skim) and cellulose gum. Fat-free ice creams have encountered strong resistance in some segments of the retail trade. Retailers in Maine and New York, states with important dairy producing industries, refuse to sell such products (36). 

An effective maintenance system depends upon it being adequately resourced. Maintenance resources include people with appropriate skills, replacement parts and materials, access to support from OEMs when needed, and the funds to purchase this material. If the equipment is no longer supported by the OEM, then you may need to cannibalize old machines or manufacture the parts yourself. This can be a problem since you may not have a new part from which to take measurements. At some point you need to decide whether it is more economical to maintain the old equipment than to buy new. Your inventory control system needs to account for equipment spares and to adjust spares holding based on usage. 

The industry has developed higher compression tanks to expand the range, and more fast-fill stations are becoming available, yet the prospects of the majority of service stations adding compressed natural gas refueling anytime in the near future are bleak. The oil companies, which control most of the service stations and over 60 percent of America s natural gas reserves, are not eager to make the massive infrastructure investment to cannibalize the billions of dollars they have tied up in refineries, pipelines, and service sta-... 

Example 12.7 Develop a model for the anaerobic batch fermentation of glucose to ethanol and coproduct CO2 using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The starting mixture contains 10% glucose. The inoculum is 0.0005 w/w. Product inhibition stops cell growth at 14% ethanol. Assume ka = 0 but include the cannibalization of cellular material beginning when the substrate is completely consumed. 

If no other sources exist, artillery and mortar shells, bombs, land mines, and other munitions may be cannibalized for the high explosives they contain. These munitions usually contain cast explosives, which require extra strong blasting caps or boosters to detonate. However, some of the simpler cannibalization techniques will be discussed. 

One of the more difficult things to improvise in the field is a substitute for a blasting cap. This section will discuss two feasible techniques one, the fabrication of a detonator by using a rifle, and two, cannibalizing the detonator from a fragmentation grenade. 

The U.S. 3.5" high explosive antitank rocket (or similar rockets used by other modem military forces) can be cannibalized or altered and used in a variety of improvised techniques. It can be placed as a shaped charge or land mine or it can be launched either electrically or nonelectrically without use of the rocket launcher. Such improvised firing offers the advantages of rigging the rocket as a booby trap or, at least, permitting the operator to be well out of the area before the rocket fires. 

Mortality particularly dependent on resistance to disease and disposition to cannibalism... 

Further criteria nest appetite and acceptance, disposition to cannibalism and feather pecking, feather quality, proportion of broody hens, unwanted behaviour in general (nervousness, flying in the hen run)... 

The animals should show normal social behaviour in large groups (no or low levels of feather pecking and cannibalism). 

This cage-adapted material has shortcomings in terms of behaviour in larger flocks. This manifests itself in an excessive tendency for feather pecking and cannibalism, and, independent of flock size, many mislaid eggs. 

Experiments have shown that feather pecking, cannibalism and nesting behaviour can be improved by selection. 

Keppler et al. (2001) found that there is less cannibalism in littered nests. This is probably due to the fact that hens in the standard nests, where the eggs disappear immediately after laying, are more restless, which may lead to pecks directed to the cloaca. With littered nests, there are also fewer misplaced eggs and the eggs seem to be cleaner (Keppler et al., 2001). However, the hygiene levels tend to be higher in non-littered nests, as there could be problems with broken eggs in nest litter and/or with ectoparasites (see Chapter 12). 

Gunnarsson S., Keeling L.J. and Svedberg J. (1999). Effect of rearing factors on the prevalence of floor eggs, cloacal cannibalism and feather pecking in commercial flocks of loose housed laying hens , British Poultry Science, 40, 12-18. 

Crump, M. L. (1983) Opportunistic cannibalism by amphibian larvae in temporary aquatic environments. Am. Nat. 121, 281-289. 

We discovered in the laboratory that Utetheisa larvae deficient in PA can make up their chemical shortfall by resorting to cannibalism (10, 23). 

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