Amphibian larvae

Herkovits, J. and C.S. Perez-Coll. 1991. Antagonism and synergism between lead and zinc in amphibian larvae. Environ. Pollut. 69 217-221. 

Howe, G.E., R. Gillis, and R.C. Mowbray. 1998. Effect of chemical synergy and larval stage on the toxicity of atrazine and alachlor to amphibian larvae. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17 519-525. 

Crump, M. L. (1983) Opportunistic cannibalism by amphibian larvae in temporary aquatic environments. Am. Nat. 121, 281-289. 

Ammonia is also the major nitrogenous end product in some of the simpler aquatic and marine animal forms, such as protozoa, nematodes, and even bony fishes, aquatic amphibia, and amphibian larvae. Such animals are called am-monotelic. But in many animals, NH3 is toxic, and its removal by simple diffusion is difficult. Thus, in terrestrial snails and amphibia, as well as in other animals living in environments in which water is limited, urea is the principal end product (fig. 22.6). Urea formation also helps to maintain osmotic balance with seawater in cartilagenous fishes. In such animals, most of the urea secreted by the kidney glomerulus is reabsorbed by the tubules. Indeed, the amount of nitrogen excreted by the kidneys of fishes is small com-... 

ISO] International Organization for Standardization. 2006a. Water quality — evaluation of genotoxicity by measurement of micronuclei — Part 1 evaluation of genotoxicity using amphibian larvae. ISO/FDIS 21427-1 2006(E). 

Kats LB, Petranka JW, Sih A (1988) Antipredator defenses and the persistence of amphibian larvae. Ecology 69 1865-1870... 

As in insects, a complex interaction of hormones in the amphibian larva precipitates metamorphosis. Ultimately, two major classes of hormones act together to control amphibian metamorphosis the thyroid hormones (made by the thyroid gland) and prolactin (made by the pituitary gland). Thyroid hormones function somewhat like the molting hormones of insects, in that an increase of their concentration relative to prolactin leads to metamorphosis of the larva into the adult. Prolactin functions somewhat like the juvenile hormones of insects, in that it tempers the action of the thyroid hormones. In most species, thyroid hormones increase dramatically in concentration during metamorphosis and this stimulates resorption of certain larval organs and differentiation of new adult organs. 

Shvarts, S. S., and Pyastolova, 0. A., 1970a, Regulators of growth and development of amphibian larvae. I. Specificity of effects,... 

Amphibian Larvae, Ph.D. thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. 

Malvin GM. Gill structure and function amphibian larvae. In Wood SC, ed. Comparative Pulmonary Physiology Current Concepts, Vol. 39, Lung Biology in Health and Disease. New York Marcel Dekker, 1989 121-151. 

Although laboratory assays under controlled flow conditions can help work out the mechanism for predator avoidance, to unequivocally demonstrate that prey actually use the chemical scent of predators to avoid predation in nature, field experiments are required. In an attempt to investigate this behavior in the field, Sih et al. (1992) manipulated fishless stream pools to produce pools with and without fish. Fish were held in a perforated bucket on the bottom of treatment pools and covered with opaque mesh screening that blocked visual and mechanical indications of fish presence, but allowed diffusion of chemical cues. Behavior of laboratory-reared amphibian larvae (no prior exposure to fish) was quantified... 

Haimovich, J., Du Pasquier, L. Specificity of antibodies in amphibian larvae possessing a small number of lymphocytes. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 70, 1898-1902(1973). 

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