Candida infection treatment

It is also very important, if possible, to discontinue or lower the doses of drugs with anticholinergic effects antihistamines, antipsychotics, antidepressants, uro-logic spasmolytics, anti-arrhythmics, drugs for Parkinson s disease and more. Prophylactic treatment against Candida infection, bacteria and caries can also be useful (Mouly et al. 2007). 

Cross S A, Scott LJ. (2008) Micafungin A review of its use in adults for the treatment of invasive and oesophageal candidiasis, and as prophylaxis against Candida infections. Drugs 68 2225-2255. 

Carter NJ, Keating GM. (2009) Micafungin A review of its use in the prophylaxis and treatment of invasive Candida infections in pediatric patients. Paediatr Drugs 11 271-291. 

Candidemia For the treatment of candidemia in nonneutropenic patients and the following Candida infections disseminated infections in skin and infections in abdomen, kidney, bladder wall, and wounds. 

Systemic Candida infections For the treatment of candidemia and disseminated Candida infections, daily doses of 6 to 12 mg/kg/day have been used. 

Administer caspofungin by slow intravenous (IV) infusion over approximately 1 hour. Candidemia and other Candida infections Administer a single 70 mg loading dose on day 1, followed by 50 mg/day thereafter. The patient s clinical and microbiological response should dictate duration of treatment. In general, continue antifungal therapy for at least 14 days after the last positive culture. 

For the treatment of patients with esophageal candidiasis, and for prophylaxis of Candida infections in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). 

Treatment of esophageal candidiasis-Prophylaxis of Candida infections in HSCT recipients-... 

Topical formulations of nystatin and of amphotericin B are useful in the management of Candida albicans infections of the skin. Both antibiotics are ineffective against dermatophytes. The use of nystatin is limited to topical treatment of cutaneous and mucosal Candida infections because of its narrow spectrum and its negligible absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Hypersensitivity reactions are rare. It is not known whether topical nystatin can cause fetal harm when used by a pregnant woman. Amphotericin B has broader antifungal activity but its topical use is restricted to Candida. Topical use of amphotericin B has shown minimal absorption through the skin and is well tolerated. Limited human surveillance data do not indicate any harm to mother or fetus, but relative safety is still unknown. 

Ketoconazole remains useful in the treatment of cutaneous and mucous membrane dermatophyte and yeast infections, but it has been replaced by the newer triazoles in the treatment of most serious Candida infections and disseminated mycoses. Ketoconazole is usually effective in the treatment of thrush, but fluconazole is superior to ketoconazole for refractory thrush. Widespread dermatophyte infections on skin surfaces can be treated easily with oral ketoconazole when the use of topical antifungal agents would be impractical. Treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis with topical imidazoles is less expensive. 

Miconazole (Monistat) is a broad-spectrum imidazole antifungal agent used in the topical treatment of cutaneous dermatophyte infections and mucous membrane Candida infections, such as vaginitis. Minimal absorption occurs from skin or mucous membrane surfaces. Local irritation to skin and mucous membranes can occur with topical use headaches, urticaria, and abdominal cramping have been reported with treatment for vagiiutis. 

Naftifine hydrochloride (Naftin) is available for topical use only in the treatment of cutaneous dermatophyte and Candida infections it is as effective as topical azoles for these conditions. 

Topical administration to the nose The safety of nasal glucocorticoids in the treatment of allergic rhinitis has been reviewed (434,435). The local application of glucocorticoids for seasonal or perennial rhinitis often results in systemic adverse effects. The use of nasal sprays containing a glucocorticoid that has specific topical activity (such as beclomethasone dipropionate or flunisolide) seems to reduce the systemic adverse effects, but they can nevertheless occur, even to the extent of suppression of basal adrenal function in children (436). Local adverse effects include Candida infection, nasal stinging, epistaxis, throat irritation (437), and, exceptionally, anosmia (438). 

B. E. Gilbert, P. R. Wyde, G. Lopez-Berestein, and S. Z. Wilson, Aerosolized amphotericin B-liposomes for treatment of systemic Candida infections in mice, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38 356 (1994). 

Nystatin [nye STAT in] is a polyene antibiotic its structure, chemistry, mode of action, and resistance resemble those of amphotericin B. Its use is restricted to topical treatment of Candida infections because of its systemic toxicity. The drug is negligibly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, and it is never used par-enterally. It is administered as an oral agent ( swish and swallow ) for the treatment of oral candidiasis. Excretion in the feces is nearly quantitative. Adverse effects are rare because of its lack of absorption, but occasionally nausea and vomiting occur. 

Ito JI, Hooshmand-Rad R. Treatment of Candida infections with amphotericin B Mpid complex. CMn Infect Dis 2005 40(suppl6) S384-S391. 

Weitkamp JH, Poets CF, Sievers R, Musswessels E, Groneck P, Thomas P, Bartmann P. Candida infection in very low birth-weight infants outcome and nephrotoxicity of treatment with liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome). Infection 1998 26(1) II-I5. 

Caspofungin is indicated in the treatment of invasive aspergillosis in patients refractory to, or intolerant of, other antifungal therapies empirical treatment for presumed fungal infections in febrile, neutropenic patients treatment of esophageal candidiasis treatment of candidemia and the following Candida infections intra-abdominal abscesses, peritonitis, and pleural space infections. 

Micafungin sodium is an antifungal agent that inhibits synthesis of 1,3-B-D-glucan, an essential component of fungal cell walls, but not present in mammalian cells. It is indicated in the treatment of esophageal candidiasis and prophylaxis of Candida infections in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. 

IC50 values of 40 pg mL 1 [6]. The SAP of C. albicans have been shown to be a major virulence factor in Candida infections [67]. Inhibition of SAP has been proposed as a new approach in the treatment of candidosis [68]. 

Nystatin - An important use of nystatin remains the local treatment of Candida infections topical applications of this antibiotic are recommended for onychomycosis (nail infections). 102 Additional reports have appeared concerning the use of nystatin or hamycin in combination with tetracycline antibiotics in order to suppress Candida overgrowth which can... 

It has been established that the value of orally administered aureomycin or other broad spectrum antibiotics for infective states in the field of human medicine is countered by their seemingly greatest potential weakness as therapeutic agents, namely their ability to induce a measure of sterilization of the alimentary tract. It is reported that patients subjected to continuous treatment by the oral route may develop diarrhea with a heavy growth of Candida albicans in their feces. The end situation of cure may be coupled with side effects which are sometimes as disagreeable as the initial disease, and occasionally deaths due to Candida infections (moniliasis) may result. ... 

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