Cancers administration routes

Identification of the active component of Neovastat may elucidate its specific mode of acfion and potentially limit the side effects identified at the present time. This is particularly pertinent if, as expected, life-long administration is required, because the effects of chronic exposure and interactions between Neovastat and other therapies are not yet known. The positive safety profile and fhe oral administration route of Neovastat, however, are advantages in comparison with current therapies and some angiogenesis inhibitors. Thus, should antiangiogenic therapy become a mainstream therapy, Neovastat could play a substantial role in the treatment of cancer. 

Ondansetron (OND), a. S-hydroxytryptaminej receptor antagonist, has been used for prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with emetogenic cancer therapy. In view of the condition being treated, intravenous and oral dosage forms of OND may be inconvenient and/or unfeasible for specific patient populations. The nasal cavity can be a potential alternative route. A dose of 1 mg/kg OND (Zofran injection, 2 mg/mL) was administered to male Sprague-Dawley rats intravenously or intranasally. The peak plasma level of OND was attained within 10 min after application to the nasal mucosa of the rat. The plasma concentration-time profiles for nasal administration were comparable to those for intravenous injection, indicating complete absorption via the nasal route. The terminal elimination half-lives of the two routes of administration were also similar. The nasal administration route of OND was superior to the oral route (in humans, the oral absolute bioavailability is only 56% and the time to peak concentration is 1.0-2.Ih) and as effective as the intravenous route. 

Care of the patient receiving an antineoplastic drug depends on factors such as the drug or combination of dru given, the dos e of the dru, tlie route of administration, the patient s physical response to tlierapy, the response of the tumor to chemotlierapy, and tlie type and severity of adverse reactions. Some dru may be administered by various rout, depending on tlie cancer being treated. Fbr example tliiotepa may be administered by the intravenous route for breast cancer, intravesical route for superficial bladder cancer, intrapleural route for malignant pleural effusions, and by tlie intraperitoneal route for ovarian cancer. 

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have been classified as human carcinogens because they induce cancers in experimental animals and because smoking and exposure to mixtures of chemicals containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the workplace increase the risk of lung cancer in exposed individuals. In experimental animals, benzo(a)pyrene induces cancer in different organs depending on the route of administration.Furthermore, exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons commonly occurs in occupations related to traffic (use of diesel engines in transportation and railways). 

This type of pain management is used for postoperative pain, labor pain, and cancer pain. The most serious adverse reaction associated with the administration of narcotics by the epidural route is respiratory depression. The patient may also experience sedation, confusion, nausea, pruritus, or urinary retention. Fentanyl is increasingly used as an alternative to morphine sulfate because patients experience fewer adverse reactions. 

Rustum, Y. M., Chandrakant, D., Mayhew, E., and Papahadjopoulos, D. (1979). Role of liposome t5 e and route of administration in the antitumor activity of liposome-entrapped l-p-arabinofuranosyl-cytosine against mouse L1210 leukemia. Cancer Res.. 39, 1390-1395. 

The literature emphasizes that arsenic metabolism and toxicity vary greatly between species and that its effects are significantly altered by numerous physical, chemical, and biological modifiers. Adverse health effects, for example, may involve respiratory, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and hematopoietic systems, and may range from reversible effects to cancer and death, depending partly on the physical and chemical forms of arsenic tested, the route of administration, and the dose. 

Estrogen is more effective than any other therapy in relieving vasomotor symptoms, and all types and routes of systemic administration are equally effective in a dose-dependent fashion. If treatment can be tapered and stopped within 5 years, no evidence of increased risk of breast cancer is seen. 

Chronic-Duration Exposure and Cancer. No information is available regarding the toxicity of chronic-duration exposure of humans to mirex by the inhalation or dermal route of administration. Animal studies have not been located for chronic mirex administration by the inhalation or dermal routes however, oral studies exist (Chu et al. 1981a Gaines and Kimbrough 1970 NTP 1990 ... 

CNTs have been studied for cancer therapies despite the fact that these have been shown to accumulate to toxic levels within the organs of diverse animal models and different cell lines (Fiorito et al., 2006 Tong and Cheng, 2007). The molecular and cellular mechanisms for toxicity of carbon nanotubes have not been fully clarified. Furthermore, toxicity must be examined on the basis of multiple routes of administration (i.e., pulmonary, transdermal, ocular, oral, and intravenous) and on multiple species mammals, lower terrestrial animals, aquatic animals (both vertebrates and invertebrates), and plants (both terrestrial and aquatic). A basic set of tests for risk assessment of nanomaterials has been put forward (Nano risk framework). 

In general, when the cells of the endothelium in the lungs are the target cells of interest (see Chapters 7 and 9 on aspects of targeting drugs to endothelium in inflammatory diseases and cancer, respectively), systemic administration seems the route of choice. Bronchial epithelium on the other hand can more easily be reached via the pulmonary route. The accessibility of other cells in the lungs is most hkely governed by disease conditions, factors that can affect epithehal permeability and vascular permeability, and others as described earher. 

The use of morphine via the oral route has drawbacks because of its first-pass effect however, oral morphine has been recommended for use in cancer patients for its ease of administration. In particular, the long-acting preparations of morphine, such as MS-Contin and Ora-Morph, are described as the cornerstone of pain treatment in cancer patients, either alone or in combination with nonopioids. 

Other routes of administration can be employed in certain situations. Methotrexate and cytarabine are given intrathecally or intraventricularly to prevent relapses in the meninges in acute lymphocytic leukemia and to treat carcinomatous meningitis. Thiotepa and bleomycin have been administered by intravesical instillation to treat early bladder cancers. Fluorouracil can be applied topically for certain skin cancers. 

FU has been extensively used in the treatment of skin cancers and a variety of solid tumours, such as breast, colorectal and gastric cancers, usually via intravenous (i.v.) administration. Although this route is generally the most efficient and the least toxic, it is costly and inconvenient [87], Furthermore, treatment of cancer with 5-FU has been found to cause neurotoxic and cardiotoxic side effects. Toxicity also derives from the lack of selectivity of the drug towards tumours, and resistance can occur if the cell produces excess of dump, for competing with the drug in the active site [88]. 

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