Cancer names

Few diagnoses trigger as much fear or have inspired as much literature and so many rousing military metaphors as cancer. Named for the Greek word for crab, the assorted diseases known as cancer share the problem of cells growing without normal controls but differ from each other in many ways, based on the type and origin of the cells that are growing abnormally. 

It has been known for a long time that external agents (carcinogens) are capable of causing cancer, namely viruses, radiation, and chemicals, both natural and man-made. This information has been derived from both epidemiology and experiments in animals. 

As for the skin cancer named melanoma, its formation involves the action of an enzyme called tyrosinase, which is required for the production of the skin pigment called melanin. The processes are said to be entirely different than for the formation of solid cancers and blood-related cancers. 

Note that the t(12 15)(pl3 q26) translocation is also associated with the a rare type of breast cancer namely the secretory breast carcinoma, whereas the trisomy of chromosome 11 specific for both congenital fibrosarcoma and mesoblastic nephroma was not found in association with this type of breast carcinoma. 

Since this analysis was published, more advanced data have been reported Liu et al. (2007) performed a systematic review of the performance of FDG-PET in head and neck cancer, namely about diagnosis of residual or recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In this thoroughly conducted analysis of data from 1,813 patients, FDG-PET compared to GT and MRI is by far the method with the best diagnostic performance the overall sensitivity of PET being 0.95 and 0.9 versus 0.76 and 0.59 for CT and 0.78 and 0.76 for MRI. 

A protein with the innocuous name p53 is one of the most frequently cited biological molecules in the Science Citation Index. The "p" in p53 stands for protein and "53" indicates a molecular mass of 53 kDa. The p53 protein plays a fundamental role in human cell growth and mutations in this protein are frequently associated with the formation of tumors. It is estimated that of the 6.5 million people diagnosed with one or another form of cancer each year about half have p53 mutations in their tumor cells and that the vast majority of these mutations are single point mutations. 

Therapeutic Function Estrogen used in hormone therapy for prostate cancer Chemical Name 4,4 -(1,2-Diethyl-1,1-ethenediyl)bisphenol-bis(dihydrogen phosphate) Common Name Fosfestrol Structural Formula ... 

Therapeutic Function Cancer chemotherapy Chemical Name Estradiol-3-N-bis( -chloroethyl)carbamate Common Name —... 

Therapeutic Function Antiviral cancer chemotherapy Chemical Name 2 -deoxy-5-fluorouridine Common Name —... 

Therapeutic Function Cancer chemotherapy Chemical Name 5-fluoro-2,4(1 H,3H)-pyrimidinedione Common Name 5-fluorouracil Structural Formula h... 

Therapeutic Function Cancer chemotherapy Chemical Name 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]-L-phenylalanine Common Name Alanine nitrogen mustard L-sarcolysine Structural Formula... 

Therapeutic Function Cancer chemotherapy Chemical Name 2-aminopurine-6-thiol Common Name -Structural Formula SH... 

Fermi lived only a little more than a decade after his hour of triumph. He spent most of this time at the University of Chicago, where, as in Rome, he surrounded himself with a group of outstanding gi aduate students, many of whom also later received Nobel Prizes. Fermi died of stomach cancer in 1954, but his name remains attached to many of the important contributions he made to physics. For example, element 100 is now called Fermium. 

F.14 Paclitaxel, which is extracted from the Pacific yew tree Taxus brevifolia, has antitumor activity for ovarian and breast cancer. It is sold under the trade name Taxol. On analysis, its mass percentage composition is 66.11% C, 6.02% H, and 1.64% N, with the balance being oxygen. What is the empirical formula of paclitaxel ... 

These proteins are called acute phase proteins (or reactants) and include C-reactive protein (CRP, so-named because it reacts with the C polysaccharide of pneumococci), ai-antitrypsin, haptoglobin, aj-acid glycoprotein, and fibrinogen. The elevations of the levels of these proteins vary from as little as 50% to as much as 1000-fold in the case of CRP. Their levels are also usually elevated during chronic inflammatory states and in patients with cancer. These proteins are believed to play a role in the body s response to inflammation. For example, C-reactive protein can stimulate the classic complement pathway, and ai-antitrypsin can neutralize certain proteases released during the acute inflammatory state. CRP is used as a marker of tissue injury, infection, and inflammation, and there is considerable interest in its use as a predictor of certain types of cardiovascular conditions secondary to atherosclerosis. Interleukin-1 (IL-1), a polypeptide released from mononuclear phagocytic cells, is the principal—but not the sole—stimulator of the synthesis of the majority of acute phase reactants by hepatocytes. Additional molecules such as IL-6 are involved, and they as well as IL-1 appear to work at the level of gene transcription. 

Some laboratory studies with rats and mice have linked trichloroethylene exposure to various types of cancers. Several of these studies, however, should be viewed cautiously, since the tumorigenic activity might be influenced by the presence of direct-acting compounds, namely the epoxides (e.g., epichlorohydrin) added as stabilizers in trichloroethylene. Epoxides are known to be very reactive, and some, such as epichlorohydrin, are potent carcinogens themselves. 

Cancer is a major cause of premature death in modern society. In vitro and animal research indicates that tea, mainly green tea, may be effective against a wide variety of cancers. Activity has been observed in vitro at all three levels of cancer progression, namely initiation, promotion and transformation (Mitscher et al, 1997). 

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