Cancer benign tumors

Warning associated with the administration of estrogen include an increased risk of endometrial cancer, gallbladder disease, hypertension, hepatic adenoma (a benign tumor of the liver), cardiovascular disease, increased risk of thromboembolic disease and hypercalcemia in those with breast cancer and bone metastases. 

Not all tumors are seriously harmful. The body is able to wall off some tumors so that they do not spread such noninvasive tumors are said to be benign. Other tumors, called malignant, invade the body and destroy normal body tissues and organs. In advanced stages of cancer, malignant tumors may develop the ability to spread to other parts of the body and initiate new tumors, a process called metastasis. 

In the absence of definitive human data, risk assessment may have to depend on the results of cancer bioassays in laboratory animals, short-term tests, or other experimental methods. Hence the following issues must be addressed under such circumstances the ability of the test system to predict risks for man (quantitatively as well as qualitatively) the reproducibility of test results the influence of species differences in pharmacokinetics, metabolism, homeostasis, repair rates, life span, organ sensitivity, and baseline cancer rates extrapolation across dose and dose rates, and routes of exposure the significance of benign tumors fitting models to the data in order to characterize dose-incidence relationships and the significance of negative results. 

Tumor (neoplasm) A growth of tissue forming an abnonnal mass. Cells of a benign tumor will not spread and cause cancer. Cells of a malignant tumor can spread through the body and cause... 

An important characteristic of cancer cells is their uncontrolled proliferation. They don t respond to the normal signals from adjacent cells that indicate that cell division should stop. Cancer cells also differ dramatically from those present in warts and other benign tumors and in psoriasis. These conditions also result in excessive proliferation of cells and partial derangement of normal regulatory processes. 

Carcinogenicity Oral contraceptives have been shown to decrease the incidence of endometrial and ovarian cancer. Their ability to induce other neoplasms is controversial. The production of benign tumors of the liver that may rupture and hemorrhage is rare. 

Podophyllum peltatum (may apple, or American mandrake) and P. emodi are. respectively, American and Himalayan plants, widely separated geographically but used in both places as cathartics in folk medicine (94). An alcoholic extract of the rhizome known as podophyllin was included in many pharmacopoeias for its gastrointestinal effects it was included in the U.S.P., for example, from 1820 to 1942. At about this time the beneficial effect of podophyllin, applied topically to benign tumors known as condylomata acuminata, was demonstrated clinically (96). This usage was not inspirational, given that there are records of topical application in the treatment of cancer by the Penobscot Indians of Maine and, subsequently, by various medical practitioners in the United States from the 19th century (96). The crude resinous podophyllin is an irritant and unpleasant mixture unsuited to systemic administration. 

In laboratory animal studies of elderly third-gene-ration diethylstilbestrol-exposed, female mice, an increased risk of uterine cancers, benign ovarian tumors, and lymphomas was found. Elderly third-generation diethylstilbestrol-exposed male mice were at an increased risk of certain reproductive tract tumors. Both the female and male mice studied were the offspring of female mice exposed to diethylstilbestrol before birth (in the womb). 

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