Calorimetry application

Gustin, J. L., "Thermal Stability Screening and Reaction Calorimetry—Application to Runaway Hazard Assessment and Process Safety Management," /. Loss Prev. Proc. Ind., 6,275 (1993). 

J.C. Oxley, The Thermal Stabihty of Explosives Chapter 8 in Handbook of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry Applications to Inorganic and Miscellaneous Materials Volume 2 , P.K. Gallagher and M.E. Brown, eds, Elsevier p. 349—369. Elsevier Amsterdam. 

Chowdhry BZ, Cole SC. Differential scanning calorimetry—applications in biotechnology. TIBTECH 1989 7 11 18. 

Gustin, J.L. (1993) Thermal stability screening and reaction calorimetry. Application to runaway reaction hazard... 

Ladbury, J.E. (2001) Isothermal titration calorimetry Application to structure-based drag design,... 

Clas, S. D., Dalton, C. R. and Hancock, B. C. (1999). Differential scanning calorimetry application in drug development. Pharm. Sci. Technol. Today, 2,311-20. [250] Cleverly, B. and Williams, P. P. (1959). Polymorphism in substituted barbituric acid. 

J. E. Ladbury and B. Z. Chowdury (Eds.), Bio calorimetry Applications of Calorimetry in the Biological Sciences, 1998, Wiley, Chichester. 

BenAmor S, Colombie D, McKenna T. Online reaction calorimetry. Applications to the monitoring of emulsion polymerization without samples or models of the heat-transfer coefficient. Ind Eng Chem Res 2002 41 4233-4241. 

Based on the above said, the authors of [4, 224] made an attempt to utilize a thermochemical technique to study the process of La-bacilh (LB) cultivation on different nutrient media with an aim to develop an objective instrumental method of evaluating their quality. The above technique can be applied to solve the problem stated sinee the proeess of microorganism reproduction is accompanied with energy generation [225] in the form of heat. In literature there are publications concerning calorimetry application in biology [6-8, 122, 184-210, 226,227]. 

C. Schick, Temperature modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC) - basics and apphcations to polymers , in S.Z.D. Cheng, ed.. Handbook of thermal analysis and calorimetry. Applications to polymers and plastics, Amsterdam Elsevier Science, Vol. 3,2002. 

Chiavaro, E., (ed.). (2015). Differential Scanning Calorimetry Applications in Fat and Oil Technology. CRC Press, Taylor Francis. 

After everything that has been said about temperature-programmed methods, few examples will be considered further in the text. The two experimental techniques most commonly used for the study of acid/base properties of porous solid materials are temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and adsorption calorimetry. Application of these techniques for characterisation of several different classes of materials will be presented as well as comparison of data obtained by both techniques. 

In the field of catalysis, calorimetry may be used in two manners. The first use is related to the determination of surface properties of catalysts, adsorbents and solid materials in contact with liquids. In particular, it is possible to evaluate the capacity of a given solid to establish different types of interaction with its liquid environment or to calculate its specific surface area accessible to liquids. The second use of calorimetry includes the measurement of the heat effects accompanying catalytic reactions and the related interfacial phenomena at Solid-Liquid and Liquid-Liquid interfaces. In the present chapter, this group of calorimetry applications will be illustrated by following the examples of competitive ion adsorption from dilute aqueous solutions and the formation of surfactant aggregates either in aqueous solution or at the Solid-Liquid interface. 

The present chapter does not pretend to be an exhaustive record of Solid-Liquid calorimetry applications in Surface Science and Technology. It should be rather regarded as an introductory course with some illustrative examples. It is important to realise that the individual author s experience in the field has been the principal criterion for selection of specific instruments and their uses, without any intention of neglecting other contributions. The presentation of calorimetry methods will be restricted only to interfacial systems composed of a pure liquid or a dilute binary, at the most, solution in contact with a solid which does not dissolve in the liquid phase. This formalism may be still employed in the case of solutions which are not strictly binary but may be viewed as such (e.g., solutions containing ionizable solutes, background electrolytes or other additives that may be lumped together as constituting a mean solvent or a mean solute). 

TA Instruments. Characterisation of processing induced changes in morphology by solution calorimetry. Application Note 2225-02 2001. 

Various books and chapters in books are devoted to calorimeter design and specific applications of calorimetry. For several decades the Connnission on Themiodynamics of the International Union of Pure and... 

Reviews of batch calorimeters for a variety of applications are published in the volume on Solution Calorimetry [8] cryogenic conditions by Zollweg [22], high temperature molten metals and alloys by Colinet andPasturel [19], enthalpies of reaction of inorganic substances by Cordfunke and Ouweltjes [16], electrolyte... 

Figure 6.11 shows a famous example of the application of isothermal calorimetry. Gordon (1955) deformed high-purity copper and annealed samples in his precision calorimeter and measured heat output as a function of time. In this metal, the heat output is strictly proportional to the fraction of metal recrystallised. 

Table 3 lists the selected properties [16] that we have measured for several commercially available acrylate resins manufactured by the Sartomer Company and the Rohm and Haas Company. The resins were cured in an AECL Gammacell Model 240. The temperature rise was measured for an 8-g sample using Acsion s (formerly AECL Radiation Applications Branch) Gamma Calorimetry method [17]. All of this information is being used to evaluate the applicability of EB-cured acrylate adhesives for repairing composite structures. Combinations of these adhesives can be used to create electron-curable adhesives suitable for composite repair. 

The various terms appearing in these equations are self-evident. The differential heat release, dkidt, data are computed from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). A typical DSC isotherm for a polyurethane reactive system appears in Fig. 11. Energetic composite processing is normally conducted under isothermal conditions so that Eq. (15) is more applicable. 

Barton, J. M. The Application of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) to the Study of Epoxy Resins Curing Reactions. Vol. 72, pp. 111 — 154. 

Page 14, line 2 The method of Nernst, Koref, and Lindemann, by the use of the copper-calorimeter, determines the mean specific heat over a range of temperature. The mode of procedure is the same as in ordinary calorimetry, except that a hollow block of copper, the temperature of which is determined by means of inserted thermoelements, is used instead of a calorimetric liquid, and the method therefore made applicable to very low temperatures. 

The techniques referred to above (Sects. 1—3) may be operated for a sample heated in a constant temperature environment or under conditions of programmed temperature change. Very similar equipment can often be used differences normally reside in the temperature control of the reactant cell. Non-isothermal measurements of mass loss are termed thermogravimetry (TG), absorption or evolution of heat is differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and measurement of the temperature difference between the sample and an inert reference substance is termed differential thermal analysis (DTA). These techniques can be used singly [33,76,174] or in combination and may include provision for EGA. Applications of non-isothermal measurements have ranged from the rapid qualitative estimation of reaction temperature to the quantitative determination of kinetic parameters [175—177]. The evaluation of kinetic parameters from non-isothermal data is dealt with in detail in Chap. 3.6. 

A number of analytical techniques such as FTIR spectroscopy,65-66 13C NMR,67,68 solid-state 13 C NMR,69 GPC or size exclusion chromatography (SEC),67-72 HPLC,73 mass spectrometric analysis,74 differential scanning calorimetry (DSC),67 75 76 and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)77 78 have been utilized to characterize resole syntheses and crosslinking reactions. Packed-column supercritical fluid chromatography with a negative-ion atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometric detector has also been used to separate and characterize resoles resins.79 This section provides some examples of how these techniques are used in practical applications. 

This paper reviews recycling technologies of PMMA waste, its applications and its markets. It relates in detail experimentation on thermal and oxidative depolymerisation of PMMA scrap, under nitrogen and oxygen atmospheres, at different heating rates by thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry techniques. 15 refs. 

Mabrey-Gaud, S. (1981). Differential scanning calorimetry of liposomes, in Liposomes From Physical Structure to Therapeutic Applications (C. G. Knight, ed.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 105-138. 

Example illustrates an application of constant-pressure calorimetry. Our Box (see page 234) describes uses of constant-pressure calorimetry in studies of biological systems. 

Reaction calorimetry is a technique which uses data on the rate of heat evolution or consumption to evaluate the thermokinetic reaction characteristics needed for reactor scale-up and/or optimization and safety. Since the late seventies, the application of this technique has been steadily growing and reaction calorimeters are now commercially available. Probably the first commercial reactor calorimeter was developed by CIBA-GEIGY (Bench Scale Calorimeter BSC) (see Beyrich et al, 1980 and Regenass et al., 1978, 1980, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1997))... 

Chemical structure of monomers and intermediates was confirmed by FT-IR and FT-NMR. Molecular weight distribution of polymers was assessed by GPC and intrinsic viscosity. The thermal property was examined by differential scanning calorimetry. The hydrolytic stability of the polymers was studied under in vitro conditions. With controlled drug delivery as one of the biomedical applications in mind, release studies of 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate from two of these polymers were also conducted. 

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