Calls for Reform

The preceding discussion of the Sixth Amendment and the Existing Substances Regulation explains how, of the 105,398 new and existing chemical substances, competent authorities assessed the potential risks from exposure to each of 5,433 substances and ultimately restricted approximately 900 substances under the Limitations Directive. It also illustrates some of the concerns with the legislation that led to calls for reform, and ultimately to the implementation of REACH. 

The patchwork of laws described above had several shortcomings, among them the limited availability of data for the bulk of chemicals in commerce and the schemes for risk assessment and promulgation of risk management measures [92]. Europa, the official website for the European Union, describes the results of these shortcomings [T]he previous system often proved itself to be incapable of identifying risks posed by many chemicals and was slow to act when risks were identified [93]. 

Consequently the European Communities determined that new chemical control legislation was needed and defined seven objectives for revised chemical regulation [80]  

Product Stewardship Life Cycle Analysis and the Environment 

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C. L. Dearing and W. Owen, National Transportation Poliy, The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C., 1949. Early postwar study of national transportation poHcy calling for reform of regulation, which ultimately led to revisions of recent years the Motor Carrier Met of 1980, PubHc Law 96-296 (94 Stat. 793), and the Staggers Rail Met of 1980, PubHc Law 96-448 (94 Stat. 1895). 

This brief survey of the FDA regulation of pharmaceutical products demonstrates the breadth and depth of FDA activity in this field. Although there are repeated calls for reform of the IND/NDA system, it appears unlikely that any substantial change will occur in the near future. It is therefore important that any person who enters the prescription drug industry in the United States be fully informed about the requirements, understand the regulatory risks involved, and comply adequately with all of the FDA requirements. 

Both physicians and economists, have called for reform of the prescription charge exemptions for both social and medical conditions. It has been pointed out that if the exemptions were reduced from 89% to 55% - the level that applied when they were first introduced - and the charge actually reduced to 2.50 per item, then 250 million per annum extra could be collected at the 1995 prescribing level of 500 million items per year. Changes in the current system would not only have to be logical but politically acceptable, and there is no indication that the political will to introduce changes is growing. 

Even with the switch to more targeted research, the Industry is almost universally criticized for neglecting the diseases of developing countries and diseases that affect very small patient numbers. Again, it is a case of "profits before people" that industry critics use to call for reform of the Industry and its practices. In reality, profits are essential to the industry s research programs across the portfolio, and both profit and revenue targets must be met, if not exceeded, if the companies are to engage in any research platform. 

In many countries, medicine is at present facing urgent political and economic calls for reform. These socioeconomic pressures notwithstanding, pharmacotherapy has always been an integral part of the health care system and will remain so in the future. Well-founded knowledge of the preventive and therapeutic value of drugs is a sine qua non for the successful treatment of patients entrusting themselves to a physician or pharmacist. 

Both physicians and economists have called for reform of the prescription charge exemptions for both social and medical conditions. It has been pointed that if the exemptions were reduced from 89% to 55% - the level... 

In 2002, Ingrid Betancourt was a senator in Colombia, campaigning for president and calling for reform of a corruption-plagued government, in a country that had endured 40 years of civil war. How did you first meet her ... 

The changes in the Dutch educational system and the growing role of original research at the universities, which partly resulted from that, also called for reforms of the scientific institutions. Several new scientific journals were founded, in which chemists could publish the results of their research the Archives Neerlmdaises des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles founded in 1865, the Maandblad voor Natuurwetenschappen (Natural Sciences Monthly), starting in 1870 and dominated by the Amsterdam physico-chemical school, and the... 

On the scholarly front, what remains unknown is the extent to which these calls for reform are having their desired effect, especially with respect to the recruitment and retention of women in engineering studies. More specifically, die meaning of social relevance within the engineering community has not been scrutinized from the perspectives of engineering schools/faculties and their participants. How is this concept variously defined and perceived by female and male students, faculty and administrators Are these definitions and perceptions reflected or not in institutional policies and practices A second unexplored area, which is related to the first, concerns interdisciplinarity and flexibility in the curriculum how are these perceived in engineering schools and how are they implemented These questions form the... 

Characteristic of calls for reform was the 1920 report of a U.S. Bureau of Education committee formed to study the high school science curriculum. In its report on the Reorganization of Science in Secondary Schools, the committee, chaired by Otis W. Caldwell, placed new emphasis on the student s personal development and on the relevance of chemistry to everyday life . The stress upon cultural aspects of the science and upon the socialization of future citizens implied less attention to preparation of the student for college , acquisition of factual knowledge , and ideas of formal discipline . Such a reorientation was not unopposed. The newly-established Division of Chemical Education of the American Chemical Society took a lively interest in questions of curriculum. Its 1924 Standard Minimum High School Course... 

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