Calculating Emissions

For the first (2012) and the second (2013-2020) trading period each aircraft operator may apply for a firee allocation of allowances. Allocation is calculated under the simple formula 

For the purpose of applying for an allocation of allowances in accordance with Article 3e(l) or Article 3f(2), the amount of aviation activity shall be calculated in tonne-kilometres using the following formula  

Emissions will be monitored by calculation. Emissions shall be calculated using the formula  

Fuel consumption wiU include fuel consumed by the auxiUary power unit. Actual fuel consumption for each flight shall be used wherever possible and shall be calculated using the formula  

Amount of fuel contained in aircraft tanks once fuel uplift for the flight is complete - amount of fuel contained in aircraft tanks once fuel uplift for subsequent flight is complete + fuel uplift for that subsequent flight. 

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Duiser (1989) calculates emissive power from rate of combustion and released heat. As a conservative estimate, he uses a radiation fraction (/) of 0.35. He proposed the following equation for calculating the emissive power of a pool fire ... 

The use of recombinant bST does not reduce GHG emissions but increases milk production so that the calculated emissions/unit of milk produced is reduced (Baumann, 1992). Capper et ah (2008) evaluated the environmental impact of using bST in a conventional dairying system and reported reductions in CH4 emissions of 8.3%. 15.2% of the total of small (<100 cows), medium (100 < cows < 500), and large farm operations (cows > 500) surveyed in the United States used bST on 17.2% of the cows (USDA, 2007). The use of bST increased with the size of the operation, with 9.1% of small farms using bST and 42.7% of large farms reporting use of bST. 

Kaneko, et al. (17) have made measurements of the oxygen content of a Pt/Rh/Al O catalyst after various exposures to exhaust. After reduction of the catalyst with CO, the oxygen content of the catalyst was found to increase with exposure to lean exhaust. The data obtained were used to develop a procedure for calculating emissions under cycled air-fuel ratio conditions. The calculations could explain average conversion measurements that could not be explained by assuming the catalyst responded instantaneously to air-fuel ratio changes. 

Figure 4-52. Original (—) and calculated (-) emission spectra as the result of linear regression of very noisy data. Top panel x2 -fitting bottom panel traditional least-squares fitting.

Clearly, 254 K is much colder than the typical temperatures around 288 K (15°C) found at the earth s surface. This difference between the calculated effective temperature and the true surface temperature is dramatically illustrated in Fig. 14.4, which shows the spectra of infrared radiation from earth measured from the Nimbus 4 satellite in three different locations, North Africa, Greenland, and Antarctica (Hanel et al., 1972). Also shown by the dotted lines are the calculated emissions from blackbodies at various temperatures. Over North Africa (Fig. 14.3a), in the window between 850 and 950 cm-1, where C02, O-, HzO, and other gases are not absorbing significantly, the temperature corresponds to blackbody emission at 320 K due to the infrared emissions from hot soil and vegetation. 

The EPA s OZIPR model (Ozone Isopleth Plotting Program, Research Version) was designed to be used primarily for calculating emissions reductions needed to reach the NAAQS for 03. Both DOS-based and Windows versions are available and can be downloaded from the Web site http //www.academicpress.com/ pecs/download... 

The methods of temperature measurement of graphite filaments are also subject to criticism. Temperature must be measured by an optical pyrometer. Duval (19) admits a possible error of 50° C. due to uncertainty in the calculated emissive power of a dull graphite surface (60). Furthermore, the temperature range of investigation cannot be extended far below 1000° C. without making arbitrary extrapolations of temperature vs. voltage curves. 

Production reported to AFEAS, calculated emission, reporting companies only, estimated global production, O calculated global emission, AFEAS = Alternative Fluorocarbons Environmental Acceptability... 

COPERT (2012) Computer model to calculate emissions from road traffic. Available to download at www.emisia.com... 

Fig. la c. Illustration of the time dependent theory of emission spectroscopy for one-dimensional harmonic potential energy surfaces, a schematic view of the emission transition, b time dependence of the overlap < (f> t) >, e calculated emission spectrum... 

Fig. 6a, b. Calculated emission spectra showing the effects of changing the force constant of the initial wave packet placed on the quadratically coupled surface with dx = 1.44, and Ay = 1.53. The excited state force constants are a 540 cm 1 and b 135 cm 1... 

Fig. 1. Ratio of experimental delayed neutron emission probability to calculated emission probability plotted versus neutron number of the precursor nuclide. Calculated values are based on Liran and Zeldes mass formula [LIR76],...

Figure 29. Calculated emission line shapes as a function of delay time, simulating the data presented in Figure 28. [Adapted from (134).]...

Although measured levels of emissions are used as a basis for calculating emissions in future years, such measurements are not used as directly as one might think. Rather, combinations of estimated or average emission factors, activity levels, and control efficiencies are used to obtain estimates of emissions. The level of detail at which these emission estimates are provided varies considerably. The choice of a projection model for use in analysis is dependent upon the desired detail in and the intended use for the results. 

Fig. 2.1 Calculated emission energies of PRODAN as a function of its position with respect the cyclohexane/water interface, z is the coordinate perpendicular to the interface. The position-dependent value of the dielectric constant is also reported...

In calculating emission standards, we must consider not only the effects close to the source but also those at far greater distances caused by pollutants gradually filling the basin. This becomes especially important when meteorological and geographical conditions limit the dispersing of the pollutants and the capacity of an area to accommodate... 

Fig. 2.18. Fluorescence emission maxima measured for prelabelled polystyrene immersed in different solvents versus calculated emission maxima. The straight line represents the emission maxima measured for the probe dissolved in the solvents whereas the curve represents doped polystyrene. From Shea et al. [51].

The spectral composition of the emitted light was recorded using an external UV-NIR spectrometer. The temperature is determined by comparing the corrected experimental data [59, 116] with the calculated emission spectrum [59, 117, 118]. The blackbody spectrum of the nanocrystalline graphite sample was calculated for three different temperatures. Based on the maxima of the emission curve, the local sample temperature was 2,600°C (Fig. 12.23b). 

For comparison with the Kuwait fire emissions, we divided our calculated emissions by 150 d. These values are summarized in Table 9. The gaseous and particulate emissions from the fires in Kalimantan and Sumatra significantly exceeded the emissions from the Kuwait oil fires. The 1997 fires in Kalimantan and Sumatra were a significant source of gaseous and particulate emissions to the local, regional, and global atmosphere. 

While there is a reasonable amount of data pertaining to global emissions of heavy metals during the last half of the twentieth century, there is a wealth of data available for emissions of heavy metals to the US atmosphere. Most of this has been calculated from USEPA and US Bureau of Mines materials production data combined with emission factors for a variety of source functions (Pacyna, 1986). In this section data plots will be presented to show the calculated emissions of several heavy metals to the US atmosphere over a decade of time. Some of the data, such as that for Pb, are from the published literature. On the other hand, much of the data for Zn has been calculated... 

B3LYP/LANL2DZ//CIS/LANL2DZ calculated emission spectrum peak, 602 nm, does not agree with the experimental result (Table 1). The Stokes shift is overestimated as well, though it is qualitatively reasonable. The difference can be associated with the insufficient accuracy of the CIS-based approach used. 

K2[PtCl4] is shown in Figure 43. In the best-fit calculated emission spectrum, the Aij mode (329cm and the Bi, mode (304cm ) combine to produce the MIME frequency in the main progression. No other vibrational mode was found that could combine with the Aj, mode to produce the spacing of 315cm . Very small contributions from other modes are possible, but they only serve to decrease the resolution of the vibronic structure and do not improve the fit. 

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