Cadmium octoate

Cd(C24H2g02)2, are of this type. Liquid stabilizers such as cadmium octoate [2191 -10-8] Cd(CgH2g02)2, cadmium phenolate [18991 -05A] Cd(CgHgO)2, cadmium decanoate [2847-16-7] Cd(C2QH2Q02)2, cadmium benzoate [3026-22-0] and cadmium naphthenate are more versatile and... 

It was found that aromatic imide and amide forming components with a functionality of more than two yield products that are soluble in cresol." Additives for wire enamels are phenolic resins, melamine resins, fluori-nated compounds, or, benzyl alcohol. Crosslinking catalysts are zinc oc-toate, cadmium octoate, or titanates, such as tetrabutyl titanate. Extenders are xylene, toluene, ethylbenzene, or cumene, and commercial available similar compounds. 

Cadmium octoate, 463 Cadmium selenide, 49 Calcium metasUicate, 404 Calcium oxide, 408 Calcium terephlhalate, 437 -Caprolactam, 316, 392, 393, 463 2-(Carbazol-9-yl)ethyl methacrylate, 32, 40 6-(Carbazol-9-yl)hexyl methacrylate, 40... 

Whilst lead compounds have been, and still are, the most important class of stabiliser for PVC the metallic soaps or salts have steadily increased in their importance and they are now widely used. At one time a wide range of metal stearates, ricinoleates, palmitates and octoates were offered as possible stabilisers and the efficiency of many of them has been examined. Today only the compounds of cadmium, barium, calcium and zinc are prominent as PVC stabilisers. 

Somewhat better results have been obtained with octoates and benzoates but these still lead to some plate-out. The use of liquid cadmium-barium phenates has today largely resolved the problem of plate-out whilst the addition of a trace of a zinc salt helps to improve the colour. Greater clarity may often be obtained by the addition of a trace of stearic acid or stearyl alcohol. Thus a modem so-called cadmium-barium stabilising system may contain a large number of components. A typical packaged stabiliser could have the following composition ... 

Mention has already been made of epoxide stabilisers. They are of two classes and are rarely used alone. The first class are the epoxidised oils, which are commonly employed in conjunction with the cadmium-barium systems. The second class are the conventional bis-phenol A epoxide resins (see Chapter 22). Although rarely employed alone, used in conjunction with a trace of zinc octoate (2 parts resin, 0.1 part octoate) compounds may be produced with very good heat stability. 

Metal Soaps—Barium and cadmium stabilizers are less toxic than lead and have lower cost on the basis of use levels, better sulfide stain resistance, and good clarity. They are a major class of heat stabilizers. Calcium and zinc soaps are also included in this classification because of their similar performance. The soaps used are based on a wide variety of anions such as octoates (2-ethyIhexanoic acid derived), benzoates, laurates, stearates, and substituted phenolates. 

The most common mixed metal stabilizers are octoates, naphthenates and benzoates of barium and zinc metals which are liquids. Barium, cadmium and zinc stabilizers contain solid salts of fatty acids including stearates and laureates. Barium and cadmium provide the most effective thermal stability followed by barium and zinc and then calcium and zinc. However, cadmium is currently considered undesirable from environmental and health standpoints and is being replaced in heat stabilizers, particularly those for polymers used with food. 

Aluminum naphthenate-, Aluminum octoate, Aluminum stearate-, Aluminum tristearate, Barium acetate-, Barium drier Barium naphthenate, Biown Menhaden Fish Oii M M Biown Menhaden Fish Oii Z-3 Biown Menhaden Fish Oii Z-6 Cadmium naphthenate. Calcium linoleate Calcium naphthenate. Calcium octoate Calcium resinate Calcium sulfate. Calcium tallate. Cerium drier Cerium naphthenate ... 

Aluminum naphthenate Aluminum octoate Aluminum oleate Aluminum stearate Aluminum tristearate Barium acetate Cadmium naphthenate Calcium linoleate Calcium naphthenate Calcium octoate... 

Mixed metal stabilizers. Mixed metal stabilizers are primarily used in flexible or semirigid PVC products. The most common are barium/zinc (Ba/Zn) metal salts. IVpical liquid barium, cadmium, and zinc stabilizer products consist of such salts as octoates, alkylphenolates, neo decanoates, naphthenates, and benzoates. Typical solid barium, cadmium, and zinc stabilizer products consist of the salts of such fatty acids as stearates or laurates. Generally, Ba/Cd products provide the best thermal stability, followed by Ba/Zn and finally Ca/Zn. However, Ba/Cd stabilizers have come under increased environmental and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) pressure and are being replaced by cadmium-free products that are usually Ca/Zn and Ba/Zn. Several Ca/Zn stabilizers have been approved by the FDA for use in food-contact applications. 

Fig. 101. Influence of stabilizers of PVC on the rate of decomposition of tert-butyl-hydroperoxide in the presence of cobalt octoate. 1) Without stabilizer 2) with epoxy resin "Epone 834 3) with cadmium soap 4) with mixture of epoxy resin and cadmium soap 5) with dibutyltin dilaurate. Along the vertical axis - amount of tert-butylhydroxy-peroxide decomposed.

It was shown somewhat later that epoigr compoimds inhibit the radical decomposition of hydroperoxides [12, 247]. In an investigation of the decomposition of tertiary butylhydroperoxide imder the action of cobalt octoate, it was established that the combination of the epoxy resin "Epone 834 with a cadmium salt is a better inhibitor of peroxide decomposition than each of the components individually this mixture is close to dibutyltin dilaurate in effectiveness. 

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