Cadmium cellular effects

Bertin G, Averbeck D (2006) Cadmium cellular effects, modifications of biomolecules, modulation of DNA repair and genotoxic consequences (a review). Biochimie 88(11) 1549-1559 Beyersmann D, Hartwig A (2008) Carcinogenic metal compounds recent insight into molecular and cellular mechanisms. Arch Toxicol 82(8) 493-512 Bode P, De Bruin M, Aalbers TG et al (1990) Plastics from household waste as a source of heavy metal pollution. An inventory study using INAA as the analytical technique. Biol Trace Elem Res 26-27 377-383... 

Lemaire-Gony, S. and P. Lemaire. 1992. Interactive effects of cadmium and benzo[a]pyrene on cellular structure and biotransformation enzymes of the liver of the European eel Anguilla anguilla. Aquat. Toxicol. 22 145-160. 

Selenium is readily available in a variety of foods including shrimp, meat, dairy products, and grains, with a recommended daily intake of 55 to 70 jug. It occurs in several forms with Se+6 being biologically most important. Selenium is readily absorbed by the intestine and is widely distributed throughout the tissues of the body, with the highest levels in the liver and kidney. It is active in a variety of cellular functions and interacts with vitamin E. Selenium appears to reduce the toxic effects of metals such as cadmium and mercury and to have anticarcinogenic activity. Selenium produces notable adverse effects both in deficiency and excess thus recommended daily intake for adults is approximately 70 Jg/day but should not exceed 200 pg/day. 

While the primary physiological role of MT involves the homeostasis of zinc and copper, it remains that MT also has a role in the cellular defense against cadmium and mercury. In addition, being a thiol containing protein MT has the potential to be an effective free radical scavenger, therefore, important in regulating the cellular redox-state. 

Manganese and cadmium are both carcinogens and at concentrations of 10 moll induce changes in synthetic polyribonucleotides indicative of base mis-pairing, while Mg " and show no effects. 5-Mercuriuridine triphosphate has been used as a probe of in vitro transcription studies, thiol affinity chromatography being used to separate the in vitro synthesized RNA from the cellular RNA. Zn, Cd, and Hg have been found to stimulate RNA and DNA synthesis in chick embryo cultures deprived of serum the stimulation appeared to represent a non-specific event. ... 

The elucidation of mechanisms by which materials are transported from the extracellular fluid through the cellular membrane and into the cell is currently an active area of research. Work on the effects of cadmium on Naviculla pellicubsa demonstrated that the metal did not have to penetrate into the cytoplasm to affect silicon uptake100. Other systems, such as those involved in photosynthesis, will be affected primarily by metal ions that are able to pass through the cell wall. Copper uptake in Skeletonema has been measured, but not its distribution on the cell (adsorbed) and within the cell (transported through the cell wall). Knowledge of... 

An in vitro study (Kukongviriyapan et al. 1990) suggests that tetrachloroethylene can directly affect hepatocytes. Vapor exposure of rat hepatocytes to tetrachloroethylene (2-4 pL) significantly decreased the hepatocyte uptake of taurocholate, ouabain, and 2-aminoisobutyric acid, all substances that require adenosine 5 -triphosphate (ATP) for uptake. The uptake of cadmium and 3-O-methyl-D-glucose, substances that do not require ATP, was not affected. Cellular ATP was decreased by tetrachloroethylene but only at cytotoxic levels. Tetrachloroethylene also decreased membrane ATPase activity leading the investigators (Kukongviriyapan et al. 1990) to hypothesize that the effect of tetrachloroethylene on transport may result from both a decrease in ATP levels and an inhibition of cell membrane ATPases. 

In response to the need for better batteries, the Uthium-ion battery (LIB) was conceived and developed in Japan by Asahi Kasei Co. and first commercialized by Sony Co. in 1991, followed by A T Battery Co. (a joint company of Toshiba Battery and Asahi Kasei Co.) in 1992. The LIB was accepted immediately because of its high-energy density, good performance, and no memory effect as occurred with nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) or nickel-hydride (Ni-MH) batteries. LIBs have been used mainly for portable electronics, especially cellular phones and notebook computers. Recently, the application area has been extended to power tools and battery-assisted electric bicycles. Several companies are working to adapt the lithium-ion system for use in hybrid electric vehicles to replace the Ni-MH. 

Environmental concern has promoted the development of systems to replace lead (especially from cables and cellular products). Cadmium-based stabilizers are also being phased out. To achieve the same effect, however, the replacements have to be complicated mixtures of salts. Organotin and calcium/zinc systems are favoured at present, but much will depend on the shape of any legislation in the future. In general, alternatives based on calcium and zinc are less effective, but are cheaper than those based on aluminium or magnesium. Water absorption can be a problem with systems not using heavy metals. 

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