Byproduct material definitions

The definition of solid waste in RCRA specifically excludes source, special nuclear, and byproduct materials as defined in AEA. Therefore, radioactive constituents of wastes that arise from operations of the nuclear fuel cycle are excluded from regulation as hazardous waste under RCRA. 

In Clause (A), the byproduct material defined in Section 11(e)(2) of AEA (1954) essentially is uranium or thorium mill tailings. LLRWPAA contains a similar definition, except transuranic waste is not excluded. Thus, the two laws differ in regard to whether transuranic waste is distinct from low-level waste. 

The statutory definitions of low-level waste apply only to radioactive waste that arises from operations of the nuclear fuel cycle i.e., to waste that contains source, special nuclear, or byproduct material as defined in AEA (see Section 4.1.2.1). This restriction, although not explicit in the definitions, is indicated by the applicability of NWPA and LLRWPAA to fuel-cycle waste only and by the reference to NRC, which can only regulate fuel-cycle waste. Thus, low-level waste does not include NARM waste. 

NRC has developed licensing criteria for near-surface disposal of waste that contains source, special nuclear, or byproduct materials in 10 CFR Part 61 (NRC, 1982a). These regulations are intended to apply primarily to disposal of commercial low-level waste. They do not include a definition of low-level waste but essentially defer to the current statutory definition in the Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Amendments Act of 1985. Thus, low-level waste can include wastes with high concentrations of radionuclides that are not generally acceptable for near-surface disposal in accordance with the licensing criteria in 10 CFR Part 61 (NRC, 1982a). 

DOE acknowledged the dual regulatory framework for mixed waste in 1987 with a notice clarifying the definition of byproduct material (DOE, 1987b). In this notice, DOE issued a final interpretive rule establishing that the exclusion of byproduct material at Section 1004(27) of RCRA applied only to the radionuclides in mixed waste and that the nonradioactive portion of the waste was subject to RCRA. In addition, in 1987, DOE recognized that RCRA LDRs (see Section 4.2.2) and other RCRA requirements applied to transuranic waste intended for disposal at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (see Section 4.1.2.3.2). 

Hazardous chemical waste is defined in RCRA regulations as a solid waste that exhibits the characteristic of ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity, or is a specifically listed waste. The definition of hazardous waste specifically excludes radioactive material (source, special nuclear, or byproduct material) defined in AEA. 

Thus, LLRW is defined more by what it is not than by what it is, that is, LLRW is defined by exclusion. LLRW is radioactive waste that is not HLRW, TRU waste, SNF, or byproduct material (commonly referred to as uranium mill tailings). All of these have separate legal definitions. Naturally occurring radioactive material and technologically enhanced NORM are also defined separately from LLRW but are not currently regulated under federal statute. 

Several wastes important to DOE are excluded from the RCRA definition of solid wastes (40 CFR 261.2). They include source, special nuclear, or byproduct material as defined by the AEA [Section 11(e), (z), (aa)] waste from extraction, beneficiation, and processing of ores and minerals, including overburden from mining uranium ores utility wastes oil and gas drilling muds and brines and some wastes that are reused or recycled. 

The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) was enacted in 1976 and was revised substantially by the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendment (HSWA) of 1984 (40 CFR pts. 260-280). The RCRA regulates the management of solid wastes that are hazardous. The definition of solid wastes in these regulations generally encompasses all discarded materials (including solid, liquid, semisolid, and contained gaseous materials) and many secondary materials (e.g., spent solvents, byproducts) that are recycled or reused rather than discarded [3]. Products such as commercial pesticides are not ordinarily solid wastes, but they become solid wastes if and when they are discarded or stored, treated, or transported prior to such disposal. 

By definition, the material balance includes materials entering and leaving a process. Inputs to a process or a unit operation may include raw materials, chemicals, water, air, and energy. Outputs include primary product, byproducts, rejects, wastewater, gaseous wastes, liquid, and solid wastes that need to be stored sent off-site for disposal and reusable or recyclable wastes (Figure 3). In its simplest form, a material balance is drawn up according to the mass conservation principle ... 

Even when 0.12 g of catalyst was added to the reactor, the activity was not substantial even though the feedstocks had been treated with activated zeolite. However, when sulfate-treated alumina, calcined at 600 °C, or activated zeolite powder, was charged to the reactor along with the catalyst, it was possible to obtain good activity from only 0.045 g of catalyst. In fact the activity was increased by about 75-120%. Sulfate-treated alumina seemed to be the most efficient adsorbent—i.e., less was required—but other materials also provided a definite benefit, as shown in the table. These materials probably removed aldehyde byproducts generated in the reactor during the reduction step. 

This metric is an attempt to define yield in terms of the mass of the product that is made from non-toxic materials. This was one of the first times that reagent and reactant toxicity were included as an important part of determining what is considered to be green, and it is something that was absent from traditional yield measures. Hudlicky et al. did make an attempt to define benign (i.e. those byproducts, reagents, or solvents that have no known environmental risk associated with them, for example, water, low-concentration saline, dilute ethanol, autoclaved cell mass, etc. ), but the explanation suffers from a lack of definitional clarity. 

Any pharmaceutical product needs to be thoroughly and completely defined and characterized by adequate analytical methods. This includes all starting materials, the production process, purified bulk materials, the formulated vaccine, and any excipient, adjuvant, or other constituent of the vaccine and may well mean that in total a set of 100 or more analytical methods must be applied. Table 1 explains how essential starting materials of a DNA vaccine need to be tested and characterized, mainly in order to provide sufficient information for appropriate risk and safety evaluations and also for a proper and reproducible specification or definition of the product. For safety reasons, any unintended byproduct that could be expressed by the... 

Epoxy adhesives use a catalytic cure mechanism. The catalyst is a byproduct from the reaction of the photoinitiator to UV light. By definition, a catalyst is something that promotes a chemical reaction, but is not consumed in the reaction. One consequence of this is that UV-curing epoxy adhesives can exhibit a shadow curing capability— material that is not directly exposed to UV light will cure, sooner or later. 

By definition, biodegradable materials exhibit chemical structures that will decompose under aerobic e.g., composting) and/or anaerobic (e.g., landfill) conditions.Typical degradation byproducts are CO2, CH4, H2O, inorganic compounds e.g., POx, SiOx), or biomass. Whereas degradation refers to the decomposition of a polymer by chemical means e.g., hydrolysis), biodegradation is carried out by the... 

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