Butyl acrylate Specifications

Other Pd(II) complexes with imidazole-like ligands were also specifically synthesized for improved solubility in ionic liquids (258). The catalysts were applied for the Heck Coupling of iodobenzene with -butyl acrylate in [BMIM]PF6 in the presence of Et N at 120°C. One catalyst (Scheme 27) was especially well retained without any loss of activity even at fairly low catalyst loading (0.2mol%) for more than five repeated uses. In all cases, > 99% yield was achieved within 1 h. 

Table 1 shows an example of the partial operating instructions and log for the preparation of a terpolymer of vinyl acetate, butyl acrylate, and vinyl neodecanoate. The details of these instructions will, of course, have to be individualized for specific situations. 

In an apparently homogeneous solution, macromonomers, possibly together with the resulting graft copolymers, may lead to some structure formation such as micelle or looser association, which may in turn change the apparent reactivities due to some specific solvation or partition of the monomers around the active sites. Such a bootstrap effect [52] maybe responsible for some complicated dependency of the apparent reactivities on the monomer concentration and composition in radical copolymerization of 29 with n-butyl acrylate [53]. 

Fig. 9. Dynamic mechanical analysis plots of tan 5 against temperature for chlorinated polyethylene (52 % Cl) (4) and blends with poly(butyl acrylate) containing (3) 84.7% PBA, (2) 64.1 % PBA, and (1) 46.1 % PBA. The inset shows a plot of T, against weight percent chlorinated polyethylene where there is a marked deviation from linearity indicative of a specific interaction...

Strength of the specific interaction. An example of this is shown in Fig. 9 for blends of poly(butyl acrylate) with chlorinated polyethylene. In this case the blend requires a higher activation energy than its additivity value in the form of heat to allow chain movements. A review of this subject and of the relations between and chemical structure of blends has been given by Cowie For miscible blends many attempts have been made to correlate the with the blend composition as is frequently done with random copolymers. Several miscible blends studied by Hammer and Hichman and Ikeda exhibit a composition dependence of which can be described by the simple Fox relationship. 

Other acrylic latices have a specific application in the coatings industry. One product based on butyl acrylate and acrylo nitrile also contains 2.75t of isobornyl methacrylate with 2.84 of NM U. Self - emulsification takes place with 2-sulfoothyl methao rylate and suiprisingly, sodium vinyl sulfonate. C[Pg.332]

A phosphine-based nickel(II) bromide complex (Ni-2) also induces living radical polymerization of MMA specifically when coupled with a bromide initiator in the presence of Al(0-i-Pr)3 as an additive in toluene at 60 and 80 °C.133 The reaction rates and the effects of radical inhibitors are similar to those with Ni-1, whereas chloride initiators are not effective in reaction control. Additives are not necessary when the polymerization is carried out in the bulk or at high concentrations of monomer, either methacrylate or /v-butyl acrylate (nBA).134 An alkylphosphine complex (Ni-3) is thermally more stable and can be employed for MMA, MA, and nBA in a wide range of temperatures (60—120 °C) without additives.135 A fast polymerization proceeds at 120 °C to reach 90% conversion in 2.5 h. A zerovalent nickel complex (Ni-4) is another class of catalyst for living radical polymerization of MMA in conjunction with a bromide initiator and Al(0-i-Pr)3 to afford polymers with narrow MWDs MJMn = 1.2—1.4) and controlled molecular weights.136 The Ni(0) activity is similar to that of Ni(II) complexes whereas the controllability... 

In a more specific example, macromonomer composed of n-butyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid prepared by CCT was copolymerized with n-butyl acrylate containing a small portion of methyl methacrylate.341 Comparison to the equivalent copolymer made with a macromonomer prepared with a thiol chain-transfer agent demonstrated that the CCT macromonomer formed a copolymer while the thiol macromonomer did not. When these compositions were cured using trifunctional isocyanates, they were useful as both clear and pigmented automotive finishes. 

Specifically mentioned monomers include methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, propyl acrylate (all isomers), butyl acrylates (all isomers), 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, isobornyl acrylate, acrylic acid, benzyl acrylate, phenyl acrylate, acrylonitrile, glycidyl acrylate,... 

Cosolvents can enhance solubility of compounds in CO2, a topic beyond the scope of this chapter. It is useful, however, to point out some details on cosolvents in CO2. McHugh et al. demonstrate that a cosolvent can provide the specific interactions that are necessary to solubilize a compound in CO2 (70,71). For instance, butyl acrylate (BA) and ethyl hexyl acrylate (EHA) decrease the cloud point pressure of acrylate polymers owing to the specific polar interactions between the cosolvent with the acrylate backbone of the polymer (70). Addition of ethyl methacrylate (EMA) and butyl methacrylate (BMA) reduces the pressure needed to solubilize poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) and poly(butyl methacrylate) (PBMA) in CO2 (71). 

Further elucidation of the reactivity of Pd colloids was reported by Bradley and Blackmond [13]. These authors prepared a series of well defined homopolymer-stabilised Pd colloids, varying the particle size, and used them in the Heck reaction between 4-bromobenzaldehyde and butyl acrylate. Interestingly, the authors found a correlation between initial rate and particle size the initial rate increases with decreasing particle size. No correlation was reported regarding the palladium specific surface area. Whereas the precise morphology of the Pd particles could not be defined, the authors found that they were quite equidimensional, allowing a representation as regular polyhedra to apply surface defect site statistics to char-... 

Additionally, we have synthesized poly(butyl acrylate) (PBA) and polystyrene (PS) latices with specific surface charge, size, and morphology. The tailored synthesis of polymer colloids allows in general the control of particle size, morphology, ciosslinking density, and surface functions (type of function, surface density of functions) for a large number of monomers. It is thus possible to produce and study colloids with various complementary surface functions as model objects for the assembly process. 

Duan and coworkers recently reported the use of a bidentate hgand for Pd-catalyzed alkenylation of arenes using Cu(OAc)j as the stoichiometric oxidant (Scheme 24.37) [34]. Specifically, the Pd(OAc)2/46 catalyst system is effective for the coupling of arenes with mono- and disubstituted alkenes. A variety of electronically differentiated monosubstituted arenes couple with -butyl acrylate to afford the products in good to excellent yields. In analogy to the aforementioned alkenylations, theoKta-substituted alkenes are... 

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