Burn patients effects

Artificial skin had been made from a bilayer fabricated from a cross-linked mixture of bovine hide, collagen, and chondroitin-B-sulfate derived from shark cartilage with a thin top layer of siloxane. The siloxane layer acts as a moisture- and oxygen-permeable support and to protect the lower layer from the outer world allowing skin formation to occur in conjunction with the lower layer. Poly(amino acid) films have also been used as an artificial skin. Research continues in search of a skin that can be effectively used to cover extensive wounds and for burn patients. 

Singh KP, Prasad R, Chari PS, Dash RJ. Effect of growth hormone therapy in burn patients on conservative treatment. Burns 1998 24(8) 733-8. 

White MG, Asch MJ. Acid-base effects of topical mafe-nide acetate in the burned patient. N Engl J Med 1971 284(23) 1281—6. 

Peng X, Yan H, You Z, et al. Effects of enteral supplementation with glutamine granules on intestinal mucosal barrier function in severe burned patients. Bums. 2004 30 135-139. 

Transient local necrosis and congestion were reported after smoking particles of white phosphorus were discovered in the tarsal and bulbar conjunctival sacs of a dermal burn patient (Scherling and Blondis 1945). The conjunctival effects were completely absent by 4 days post-exposure. 

Burn Center Care Is the Most Efficient and Cost-Effective Care for Burn Injuries. Burn injuries are not like other trauma injuries burn injuries often require a lengthy course of treatment as compared with simple or even complex trauma patients. For example, for burn patients with 50% body surface area burn, the average length of stay in the intensive care unit is 50 days. In a mass casualty, the average burn is typically greater than 50% body surface area. 

The most serious adverse effects associated with polyethylene glycols are hyperosmolarity, metabolic acidosis, and renal failure following the topical use of polyethylene glycols in burn patients.Topical preparations containing polyethylene glycols should therefore be used cautiously in patients with renal failure, extensive burns, or open wounds. 

Many years of human experience in the workplace and in the use of consumer products containing polyethylene glycols have not shown any adverse health effects, except for administering high doses to sensitive or unhealthy persons. Nephrotoxicity associated with the topical treatment of burn patients with polyethylene glycols may reflect the compromised function of the patients kidneys rather than the direct toxic effects of polyethylene glycols. 

There is generally a fall in plasma cholinesterase activity after burn injury (P15, V6, V8). There is a clear-cut relationship between the severity of the injury, as expressed by the burn index, and the lowest measured cholinesterase activity if that is expressed in terms of percentage of the patient s normal values (V6). Particularly in severely burned patients, there may be a very sharp fall of esterase activity within one day that is, in a shorter time than can be accounted for by the normal catabolism of the enzyme. The initial drop therefore seems to indicate a dilution effect,... 

Although the polymyxins have been found to be useful in treating some urinary tract infections, pneumonias, and infections of burn patients, other antibiotics are now favored because of the toxic effects of the polymyxins on the kidney and central nervous system. Polymyxin B is still used topically and is available as an over-the-counter ointment in combination with two other antibiotics, neomycin and bacitradn. 

The tissue damage is very dependent on exposure time cells can tolerate long time exposure of 43 °C. Above about 45 °C, the time duration becomes more and more critical. In high-voltage accidents, the heat effect may be very important, and patients are treated as thermal burn patients. In particular, special attention is paid to the fluid balance, because electrical bum patients tend to go into renal failure more readily than thermal bums of equal severity. As electric current disposes thermal energy directly into the tissue, the electric bum is often deeper than a thermal bum caused by thermal energy penetrating... 

Cone, L. C., Kagan, R. J., Gottschlich, M. M., Enhancing Patient Safety The Effect of Process Improvement on Bedside Fluoroscopy Time Related to Nasoduodenal Feeding Tube Placement in Pediatric Burn Patients, Journal of Burn Care Research, Vol. 30, No. 4,2009, pp. 1-6. 

Bad burns produce effects somewhat different from those due to other stresses and traumas because substantial amounts of body fluid and mineral salts may be lost. Hence, burn patients are often very thirsty and drink large amounts of water, which can be dangerous because there may be excessive dilution of the body fluids and the salts which remain. A severe deficiency of sodium might occur under such conditions. Therefore, considerable care must be taken to replenish the body with the proper mixture of mineral salts and water. It is noteworthy that attempts to replace the large losses of calcium and phosphorus rapidly have sometimes led to kidney stones, because the body was unable to use all of the minerals which were provided, so the excesses were filtered through the kidneys. 

Muscle relaxants with a depolarizing type of action suffer from several disadvantages, for, as with acetylcholine, their initial response before paralysis sets in may be to stimulate muscle contraction, and this can cause severe postoperative muscle-pain and cramp. It also means that there is a prolonged period during which the muscle is unable to respond to stimulation. Intraocular pressure may be raised and in burned patients they may cause hyper-kalaemia. In addition, the neuromuscular-blocking effects of such drugs cannot be readily reversed by anticholinesterases such as neostigmine (152, 485, 501). 

The side effects and toxic reactions to verapamil iaclude upper GI upset, constipation, di22iaess, headaches, flushing and burning, edema, hypotension, bradycardia, and various conduction disturbances. Verapamil has negative iaotropic activity and may precipitate heart failure ia patients having ventricular dysfunction (1,2). 

The patient may suffer from shock, in proportion to the extent of the injury. Give small drinks and keep warm do not overheat. In all cases, speed of treatment is crucial to limit the effects of burns. Flowcharts which summarize the initial procedures for electrical, thermal and chemical burns respectively are shown in Figure 13.5. 

The nitrates are available in various forms (eg, sublingual, transmucosal, translingual spray, and inhalation). Some adverse reactions are a result of the metiiod of administration. For example, sublingual nitroglycerin may cause a local burning or tingling in the oral cavity. However, die patient must be aware that an absence of this effect does not indicate a decrease in the drug s potency. Contact dermatitis may occur from use of die transdermal delivery system. 

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