Building construction drawings

With these specifications, the civil engineers can carry out the building design. Since construction is often subcontracted to a construction firm or consortium partner, building construction drawings have to be released. Typical building construction drawings are ... 

Fig. 8-19. Composite view of mill building construction showing frame, wall, and window nomenclature. Courtesy of R, W, Parkinson, Engineering Drawing Departs ment, The Ohio Stale Unioersity.)...

The conventional fixed bid method of delivery project approach is characterized by a clear separation between the design phase and the construction phase. The owner hires an architect/engineering firm (A E) that turns the functional requirements of the building into a detailed set of construction drawings and specifications. These drawings and specifications, as well as schedule requirements and special conditions, become the basis of a request for proposal (RFP) that is issued to general contractors (GC) for bids. Bids are received and evaluated and a fixed price or lump sum contract is awarded to a GC. The GC purchases materials and awards subcontracts as required to satisfy his obligations as detailed in the contract documents. 

Construction drawings—documents the design of buildings or structures. 

Thermoplastic rubber is a relatively new class of polymer. It has the solubility and thermoplasticity of polystyrene, while at ambient temperatures it has the toughness and resilience of vulcanized natural rubber or polybutadiene. These rubbers are actually block copolymers. The simplest form consists of a rubbery mid-block with two plastic end blocks (A-B-A), as shown in Figure 5.7. Examples of commercial products are Kraton and Solprene . These materials are often compounded with plasticizers to decrease hardness and modulus, eliminate drawing, enhance pressure-sensitive tack, improve low-temperature flexibility, reduce melt and solution viscosity, decrease cohesive strength or increase plasticity if desired, and substantially lower material costs. Low levels of thermoplastic rubbers are sometimes added to other rubber adhesives. These materials are used as components in the following applications PSAs, hot-melt adhesives, heat-activated-assembly adhesives, contact adhesives, reactive contact adhesives, building construction adhesives, sealants, and binders. Two common varieties of thermoplastic rubber adhesives are styrene-butadiene-styrene (S-B-S) and styrene-isoprene-styrene (S-I-S). ... 

Allen, E. 1985. The Professional Handbook of Building Construction. New York John Wiley Sons. Well-conceived drawings help elucidate the construction process. 

Anybody who has ever tried to build a house knows a constmction drawing. The aim of this construction drawing is of course to show the later owner how the house will look once it is finished. Often, particularly for houses that are built by a building contractor, there are also construction specifications, but the average person is unable to read this without the help of an attorney. 

A laboratory can sometimes save money by building a simple hood where no hazardous, flammable, or corrosive fumes are involved. In one case, a hood was needed solely for drawing off unpleasant fumes from a muffle furnace and water vapor. A carpenter constructed a plywood box which reached from counter top to ceiling and had a large opening in the front. This was painted with a resistant paint, primarily to seal the surfaces and make them easy to clean. An inexpensive fan exhausted the hood to the outside. This simple hood worked for many years. 

With electron microscopes providing the eyes, researchers explore the nanoworld. Miniaturization of electronics has reached the point where components of an integrated circuit can be as small as 0.000002 inches (50 nm), well within the scale of nanotechnology. Even more ambitious developments are on the drawing board or in the laboratory. As described below, some researchers are hoping to use atoms as building blocks to construct motors on a vanishingly small scale. 

Uniform size polymers possessing deliberately designed functional end groups are drawing increasing attention as important macromolecular building blocks for the efficient construction of highly controlled macromolecular, and supramolecular structures.1... 

REACCS is organized into six operational modes MAIN and BUILD, which are used to draw molecular structures, build reactions, and construct graphic queries and SEARCH, VIEWLIST, PLOT, and FORMS, which are used to create custom forms to display data associated with reactions and molecules. Each of the modes provides a characteristic menu and a set of options, which normally perform tasks that relate to the general function of that mode. 

The four Build Menus in REACCS are Structure, Query, Top, and HighlightRxn. Structure menu contains the basic drawing commands used to construct the backbone of the structure. Query menu contains the commands used to add flexible structural parameters to the query. Top menu contains commands used to build reactions and to store and retrieve reactions, molecules, and graphic queries. HighlightRxn menu contains commands that apply atom/atom mapping and reaction centers to the current reaction. Atom/atom mapping is used to identify the reaction centers and increase accuracy and efficiency by letting the searcher specify that a particular atom in a reactant must correspond to a particular atom in the product. 

The water pipes have no connection. Paradoxically, they end in the above mentioned ventilation outlets, and can only have been installed after the removal of the ventilators installed there. There are, of course, shower rooms in these buildings, but in a very different location (see Fig. 17). The shower installations once in existence there, however, have been entirely dismantled. Since the doors to these rooms are open, any visitor may examine this peculiar construction. The original German drawings and documents of this building do not indicate that these pipes were installed during the German occupation, which means that they were probably installed after the war for an unknown reason. 

Figure 14.11. Construction of biopolymer with HyperChem. Two menus are available for creating 3D structure models in HyperChem. The Build menu provides tools for creating organic molecules. Use the Drawing tool to sketch atoms in a molecule and connect them with covalent bonds. Invoke the Model builder to create a 3D structure from the 2D sketch. The Databases menu offers tools for creating biopolymers from residues with user specified linkages and conformations—that is, polysaccharides from monosaccharides, polypeptides form amino acids, and polynucleotides from nucleotides. A double-stranded DNA chain, for example, is constructed from nucleotide residues in a desired conformation (the inset).

A concrete building procedure in three dimensions of the Wigner-Seitz cell can be achieved by representing lines from a lattice point to others in the lattice and then drawing planes that cut in half each of the represented lines, and finally taking the minimum polyhedron enclosing the lattice point surrounded by the constructed planes. 

In one reported case, a construction manager reviewed the drawings of a gas compressor building before construction. He observed that very weak clips were specified to secure the plastic sheets to the structure. He apparently did not understand the concept, because he decided they were too weak and replaced the specified clips with more robust clips. 

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