Bubble surface, defects

Loss of theoretical adhesive strength can also arise from the action of internal stress concentrations caused by trapped gas and voids. Griffith11 showed that adhesive joints may fail at relatively low stress if cracks, air bubbles, voids, inclusions, or other surface defects occur as a result of the curing process. 

Surface defects resulting from production (e.g., pores, bubbles, flow seams, and projecting fibers) are rectified by surface appearance enhancement. Deeper-lying defects are filled in and smoothed with putties. 

In summary, this overview article discussed two types of micro-and nanoscopic surface bubbles. The first type—gas entrapped in controlled surface defects—serves as nucleation sites in cavitation experiments. For these bubbles cavitation inception and the result-... 

Incorporation of nanosized SiC particles in the EL NiP matrix increased the hardness from 627 43 to 704 60HVqqj. However, incorporation of micronsized SiC particles increased the hardness to 1669HVqqj. The cumulative mass loss versus time (see Fig. 8.26) due to cavitation erosion corrosion in 3.5% NaCl is found to be very low for EL Ni-P-nano SiC composite coating compared with its coimterpart incorporating micron-sized SiC particles. The EL Ni-P-nano SiC coated specimen exhibits a smooth and uniform surface after the cavitation erosion corrosion test with no visible pits (see Fig. 8.27). The uniform distribution of the nanosized SiC particles in the EL NiP matrix (R 0.95 0.060 pm) inhibits the formation of pits. However, the higher surface roughness (R 1.72 0.051 pm) promotes bubble formation and causes detachment of the SiC particles, which results in the formation of small cavities on the surface of EL Ni-P-micro SiC coated steel (see Fig. 8.27). Hence, it is evident that incorporation of nanosized particles in EL NiP matrix could provide a better cavitation erosion corrosion resistance and inhibit the onset of erosion damage near surface defects. 

The dielectric breakdown strength in vitreous siUca depends on its impurity content, its surface texture, and the concentration of stmctural defects, such as cord and bubbles. Good quaUty glasses have room temperature breakdown strength in the range of 200—400 kV/cm. 

Metal Preparation. Sheet-steel parts are formed by stamping, bending, and shearing. Many parts require welding (qv), which needs to be carried out in a uniform, smooth manner so that the welded joint can be enameled without defects. Cast-iron parts are formed by the usual cast-iron foundry methods however, additional care is given to prevent contamination of the surface. Surface contamination causes defects in the enamel, particularly bUsters and bubbles. Aluminum metal can be formed in sheets, extmsions, and as castings. 

Volatile There are plastics that contain small quantities of material that boil at processing temperatures, or they may be contaminated by water absorbed from the atmosphere. These volatiles may cause bubbles, a scarred surface, and other defects. Processing methods of removing volatiles are used such as drying materials to be processed, vented plasticator barrels, etc. (Chapter 7, OTHER BEHAVIOR, Drying Plastic). 

If an elastomer is bonded to a substrate such as steel, it is usual for the bond to have small areas of imperfection where the adhesive or the chemical preparation of the surface is defective. Such areas are known as holidays. In high-pressure gas environments, these holidays form nucleation sites for the growth of half-bubbles or domes, under conditions where gas has been dissolved in the elastomer and the pressure has subsequently been reduced. Gas collecting at the imperfection at the interface will inflate the mbber layer, and domes will show as bumps on the surface of the mbber-coating layer—just as a paint layer bubbles up in domes when the wood underneath gives off moisrnre or solvents in particular areas. 

The surface finish of injection-moulded foamed articles are not ideal because of external defects, burst bubbles, etc. This can be avoided by sandwich moulding. This is accomplished by initially injecting a slug of polymer melt into the mould followed immediately by a polymer containing a blowing agent, which chases the initial polymer into all the interstices. 

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