Fiber projectional

The EOPs have been directly implicated in the pathophysiology of TS syndrome. Haber and co-workers (1986) reported decreased levels of dynorphin A(l-17) immunoreactivity in striatal fibers projecting to the GP in postmortem material from a small number of Tour-ette s patients. This observation, coupled with the neu-roanatomic distribution of dynorphin, its broad range of motor and behavioral effects, and its modulatory interactions with striatal dopaminergic systems, suggest that dynorphin might have a key role in the patho-biology of TS. However, subsequent studies have failed to confirm these initial observations (van Wattum et al., 1999). 

Fig. 183. Activation of climbing fibers projecting to the caudal paramedian lobule (PM) in (B) by stimulation of collaterals terminating in the C[, C2, c, and d zones of the anterior lobe indicated in (A). Redwawn from Oscarsson and Sjolund (1977b).

Fig. 199. Primary and secondary vestibulocerebellar mossy fiber projections in the rabbit, determined with antegrade axonal transport of [3H]leucine and WGA-HRP. Upper panels sagittal sections lower panels transverse sections through the caudal vermis. K196 ipsilateral distribution of fibers of the vestibular nerve. Gerrits et al., (1989) C2098 bilateral distribution of fibers from the medial vestibular nucleus (MV) K82 bilateral distributions of fibers from the superior vestibular nucleus (SV Thunnissen et al., 1989). Dense termination in the sagittal sections is indicated with heavy hatching, scattered labelled mossy fiber rosettes with light hatching and dots. Note similarity in the distribution of primary and secondary vestibulocerebellar projections.

Fig. 203. Mossy fiber projections to the flocculus and the adjacent paraflocculus in the cat. Based on antegrade tracing experiments with tritiated leucine. Notice the lack of basal pontine and reticulopontine projections to the flocculus and their presence in the medial extension (ME) and the caudal lobules (PFLVc) of the ventral paraflocculus in the upper three diagrams. Vestibulo-cerebellar fibers in lower two diagrams terminate both in the flocculus and the ME. A, AP = stereotactic planes DV = descending vestibular nucleus FL = flocculus LV = lateral vestibular nucleus ME = medial extension of the ventral paraflocculus MV = medial vestibular nucleus NP = nuclei pontis = NRTP = nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis PFLD = dorsal paraflocculus PFLV(c) = (caudal folium of the) ventral paraflocculus SV = superior vestibular nucleus. Gerrits and Voogd (1989).

Fig. 208. Diagram of the fractured somatotopy of the mossy fiber projections in the cerebellum of the rat. Patches with similar receptive fields are indicated with abbreviations for the stimulation sites on the head and the extremities. Redrawn from Welker (1987). Cr = crown El = eyelids Fbp = furry buccal pad FL = forelimb and hand G = gingiva HL = hindlimb I, II = crus I and II Li = lower incisor LI = lower lip Lob.ant. = anterior lobe lob.sim = lobulus simplex N = nose Nk = neck P = pinna PFL = paraflocculus PML = paramedian lobule PY = pyramis Rh = rhinarium Ui = upper incisor U1 = upper lip UV = uvula.

Gerrits NM, Voogd J (1982) The climbing fiber projection to the flocculus and adjacent paraflocculus in the cat. Neuroscience, 7, 2971-2991. 

Kanda K-I, Sato Y, Ikarashi K, Kawasaki T (1989) Zonal organization of climbing fiber projections to the uvula in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol., 279, 138-148. 

Kunzle H (1985) Climbing fiber projection to the turtle cerebellum Longitudinally oriented terminal zones within the basal third of the molecular layer. Neuroscience, 14, 159-168. 

Maekawa K, Takeda T, Kano M, Kusunoki M (1989) Collateralized climbing fiber projection to the flocculus and the nodulus of the rabbit. Exp. Brain Res., 17, 30- 5. 

Miles TS, Lund JP, Courville J (1978) The fine topography of climbing fiber projections to the paramedian lobule of the cerebellum in the cat. Exp. Neurol, 60, 151-167. 

Sato Y, Kawasaki T, Ikatashi K (1983a) Afferent projections from the brainstem to the three floccular zones in cats. I. Climbing fiber projections. Brain Res., 272, 27-36. 

Tan H, Gerrits NM (1992) Laterality in the vestibulo-cerebellar mossy fiber projection to flocculus and caudal vermis in the rabbit a retrograde fluorescent double-labeling study. Neuroscience, 47, 909-919. 

Tan J, Gerrits N, Nanhoe R, Simpson J, Voogd J (1995b) Zonal organization of the climbing fiber projection to the flocculus and nodulus of the rabbit. A combined axonal tracing and acetylcholinesterase histochem-ical study. J. Comp. Neurol, 356, 23-50. 

Thunnissen IE, Epema AH, Gerrits NM (1989) Secondary vestibulocerebellar mossy fiber projection to the caudal vermis in the rabbit. J. Comp. Neurol., 290, 262-277. 

Within the brain, histamine is produced both by mast cells and by certain neuronal fibers. Mast cells are a family of bone marrow-derived secretory cells that store and release high concentrations of histamine. They are prevalent in the thalamus, hypothalamus, dura mater, leptomeninges, and choroid plexus. Histaminergic neuronal cell bodies in the human are found in the tuberomamillary nucleus of the posterior basal hypothalamus. The fibers project into nearly all areas of the CNS, including the cerebral cortex, the brainstem, and spinal cord. 

The hippocampus is sliced on a 200 pm polyester film of 2 x 3 cm (Pearl Paint) that has been extensively washed with 70% ethanol and air dned in a sterile hood Any plastic film can be used to support the hippocampus The film must be sterile and must resist being sliced by the tissue chopper blade There are consistent differences between cultures of the septal and temporal hippocampus that likely result from developmental gradients in the immature hippocampus (17), At postnatal d 10-11, the temporal end of the hippocampus is more mature than the septal end. Therefore, consistent differences can be observed between slice cultures originating from the temporal end or septal end. In particular, the mossy fiber projection differs between septal and temporal cultures (17) In septal cultures, there is mossy fiber sprouting mossy fiber terminals are found in the inner molecular layer of the dentate gyrus and the CA3 pyramidal cell layer. In temporal cultures, the mossy fiber projection is normal. This likely results in differences in slice culture excitability since epileptiform activity is more readily induced in septal cultures than temporal cultures (17). 

The nano alumina is end-attached and the fibers project out about 0.2 to 0.3 pm into the flow stream. This results in an open space, free for fluid to flow imimpeded through the 2 pm average pore size, allowing moderate to high flowrate at low pressme drop. Computations show that there is a local electropositive field that projects out up to about 1 pm beyond the nano alumina (2) that attracts nano size particles (e.g.-viras) that pass close by, increasing the capture cross section. The filter media s thickness is about 0.8 mm thick, resulting in approximately 400 pores that a particle must transit before exiting as... 

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