Bronze study

For a given amplitude of the quasi-elastic release wave, the more the release wave approaches the ideal elastic-plastic response the greater the strength at pressure of the material. The lack of an ideally elastic-plastic release wave in copper appears to suggest a limited reversal component, however, this is much less than in the silicon bronze. Collectively, the differences in wave profiles between these two materials are consistent with a micro-structurally controlled Bauschinger component as supported by the shock-recovery results. Further study is required to quantify these findings and... 

The press had been designed with a capacity to deliver 280 kN press force and to work at a production rate of 40 lids per minute. Calculations to determine the distribution of forming loads required indicated that the press capacity was adequate to form the family of steel lids to be produced on the machine. One of the major areas of interest in the design was the con-rod and pin (see Figure 4.66). The first option considered was based on a previous design where the con-rod was manufactured from cast iron with phosphor bronze bearings at the big and small ends. However, weaknesses in this approach necessitated the consideration of other options. The case study presents the analysis of the pin and con-rod using simple probabilistic techniques in an attempt to provide in-service reliable press operation. The way a weak link was introduced to ensure ease of maintenance and repair in the event... 

Corrosion of. power-station condenser tubes by polluted, waters has been particularly troubles ome in Japan anil efforts have been made to,study the problem by, electrochemical methods and by exposing model condensers at a variety of bower station sites ., Improved results have been reported, using tin. brasses , or special, tin bronzes. . Pretreatment with sodium dimethyldithiOcarbamate is reported to give protective films that will withstand the action of polluted waters , though the method would be economic only in special circurtistapcies., , , . ... 

The simplest and most thoroughly studied solutions are those based on phosphoric acid at low temperatures (<35°C) which alone can fulfil all three requirements of acid solvent, film former (as metal phosphate) and diffusion agent by virtue of its viscosity. Thus copper and its main alloys of brasses and bronzes can be very effectively electropolished in 60-70% orthophos-phoric acid with the temperature maintained below 35°C under other conditions copper passivates or dissolves freely under mass transfer controlled conditions, but by varying the conditions appropriately polishing can be continued under mild agitation. An annotated polarisation curve is given in Fig. 11.7 readers are referred to recent studies for more detailed 2ispects " . 

Cherry, J. F. and A. B. Knapp (1991), Quantitative provenance studies and Bronze Age trade in the Mediterranean Some preliminary reflections, in Gale, N. H. (ed.), Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology, Astroms, Jonsered, Vol. 40, pp. 92-111. 

The general pattern of the mass spectrum and the presence of peaks at mlz 424, 426 and 442, attributed, respectively, to the molecular ions of lupeol, lupenone and betulin, suggest the presence of birch bark tar. This study provided the first evidence that birch bark tar was used for assembling bronze tools during the Iron Age in Europe. 

Freeth, SJ. (1967). A chemical study of some bronze age sherds. Archaeometry 10 104-119. 

Pollard, A.M., Thomas, R.G. and Williams, P.A. (1990). Experimental smelting of arsenical copper ores implications for Early Bronze Age copper production. In Early Mining in the British Isles, ed. Crew S. and Crew P., Occasional Paper No. 1, Plas Tan y Bwlch, Snowdonia National Park Study Centre, Gwynedd, pp. 72-74. 

Knapp, A.B. and Cherry, J.F. (1994). Provenance Studies and Bronze Age Cyprus Production, Exchange and Politico-Economic Change. Monographs in World Archaeology 21, Prehistory Press, Madison. 

Muhly, J.D. (1991). The development of copper metallurgy in Late Bronze Age Cyprus. In Bronze Age Trade in the Mediterranean, ed. Gale, N.H., Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 90, Paul Astrom s Forlag, Jonsered, pp. 180-196. 

Sayre, E.V., Joel, E.C., Blackman, M.J., Yener, K.A. and Ozbal, H. (2001). Stable lead isotope studies of Black Sea Anatolian ore sources and related Bronze Age and Phrygian artefacts from nearby archaeological sites. Appendix new central Taurus ore data. Archaeometry 43 77-115. 

Craig, O.E. (2003). Dairying, dairy products and milk residues potential studies in European prehistory. In Food, Culture and Identity in the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age, ed., Parker Pearson, M., British Archaeological Reports IS 1117, Archaeopress, Oxford, pp. 89-96. 

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