Brine definition

Water with a salinity of less than 10,000 mg/L is considered to be a potential underground source of drinking water. By regulatory definition, deep-well injection of hazardous waste can occur only in very saline waters or brines. Actual salinities of waters in currently used deep-well injection zones vary greatly.70 Normally, the term brine is used to refer to the natural waters in deep-well injection zones. As noted above, however, this term is not technically correct if TDS levels are less than 35,000 mg/L. 

As an example of what should be included in the scope, suppose the manager of the product department sends you the following message We are considering building a plant to produce 60,000 tons per year of chlorine from the brine deposits near Pentwater, Mich. Would you please determine the cost of such a facility. Does this define the scope No Definitely not. 

By definition, the anion-free water is free of salt. When pressure is applied to a clay-brine slurry to force out water (as that described in the experimental section), the solution that flows out of the cell should maintain the same chloride concentration as the brine s if the anion-free water is immobile. Otherwise, the concentration of the chloride decreases. Pressure forces water to flow through the pores with a certain velocity meanwhile, the pore size... 

When appropriate, the chain is extended further upstream to include production of brine, for example by solution mining. Also, because the chlor-alkali plant is a major user of electric power, it is sometimes convenient to include the power generation plant within the chain. For the purposes of this chapter, however, the definition of the vinyl chain shall be restricted to the five processes listed above (Fig. 21.1). 

Petroleum, natural gas, and synthetic fuels are excluded from the definition of a hazardous substance, and the definitions of pollutants and contaminants under CERCLA this is known as the Petroleum Exclusion. Although the EPA has the authority to regulate the release or threatened release of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant, the release of petroleum, natural gas, and synthetic fuels from active or abandoned pits or other land disposal units is currently exempt from CERCLA. Such sites cannot use Superfund dollars for cleanup, nor can the EPA enforce an oil and gas operator, landowner, or other individual to clean up a release under CERCLA. Substances exempt include such materials as brine, crude oil, and refined products (i.e., gasoline and diesel fuel) and fractions. 

The Stassfurt deposits have been the subject of elaborate investigations by J. H. van t Hoff and his school.16 In 1849, J. Usiglio 17 studied the deposition of salts when sea.water is cone, by evaporation, and examined the residues analytically. He found that calcium carbonate was first eliminated, then calcium sulphate, then sodium chloride, and the more soluble salts accumulated in the mother liquid. This method of investigation does not allow sufficient time for the various salts to attain a state of equilibrium, and it therefore follows that the natural evaporation of brines probably furnishes somewhat different results. Moreover, it is difficult, if not impossible, to identify the several substances which separate from the mother liquid formed during the later stages of the evaporation. J. H. van t Hoff followed the synthetic method in his study of this subject. He started from simple soln. like those of sodium and potassium chlorides, under definite conditions of temp., and gradually added the pertinent constituents until the subject became so complicated that the crystallization of the constituents from concentrating sea water was reduced to a special case of a far more comprehensive work. 

It should be noted that the complexity and ill definition of carbonate salts in highly saline solutions is documented in literature by the complete absence of single salt osmotic and activity coefficient data. This situation requires the use of this less than satisfying technique to define heavy metal chemistry in brines. 

Brine. Water of salinity higher than that of average seawater, i.e., more than 3.5 X 10" mgL TDS. The majority of oil-field waters are brines according to this definition, whereas only a small fraction could be classified as brines based on the definitions of Davis (1964) and Carpenter et al. 

Gruesbeck and Collins (39) evaluated the effect of increasing brine viscosity (by addition of a polymer) on the critical velocity for permeability damage. They observed a roughly proportional decrease in the critical velocity when the viscosity was increased by a factor of 10. However, they were unable to draw definitive conclusions regarding the quantitative effect of fluid viscosity because of a very limited amount of data being available. 

Hagevap LP (a mixture of sodium tripolyphosphate and lignin sulfonic acid derivatives). The concentration ratio of the sea water was not allowed to exceed 2 and therefore only the alkaline scales could form. As long as the maximum brine temperature did not exceed about 200° F., no evidence of scale deposition was obtained. At 210° to 215° F. there was definite indication of scale from the increase in terminal temperature difference (TTD). At the conclusion of a series of tests the inside surface of the tubes was examined and found to have a very thin layer of loose, powdery deposit (after drying) which rubbed off easily and would not be classed as scale. 

Scattering techniques provide the most definite proof of micellar aggregation. Zielinski et aL (34) employed SANS to study the droplet structures in these systems. Conductivity measurements (35) and SANS (36) were also used to study droplet interactions at high volume fraction in w/c microemulsions formed with a PFPE-COO NH4 surfactant (MW = 672). Scattering data were successfully fitted by Schultz distribution of polydisperse spheres (see footnote 37). A range of PFPE-COO NH/ surfactants were also shown to form w/c emulsions consisting of equal amount of CO2 and brine (38-40). 

Currently many health resorts offer iodine-containing brine drinking therapies, using iodine waters, for the treatment and prevention of goiters. Here, sometimes relatively large total intake of iodine is still prescribed and followed. Indeed, a goiter caused by iodine deficiency in younger patients can be treated successfully by iodide hence this would actually be a definitive therapy. 

Soaking meat in a salt solution (the definition of brining) helps separate the long filaments that make up muscles (myofibril) by dissolving the proteins on their surfaces. With enough salt the actual filaments start to break down, and both effects make the meat seem more tender. Additionally salt allows proteins to hold on to more water, which helps prevent your steak from drying out. 

Pressure effects on surfactant systems containing conventional liquid alkanes have not often been studied because of the very low compressibility of liquids. Conflicting results have been reported [38-40]. It is likely that the changes in cohesive energy density (solubility parameter) of the phases over the pressure ranges used were too low to produce definitive trends in phase behavior. The solubility parameter of compressed liquid propane, however, is moderately adjustable with pressure, and therefore a propane-brine-AOT system could be expected to show pressure-driven phase transitions [20,22,41]. 

An inhibiting mechanism similar to that for nontransition metals in contact with passivators probably also applies to steel in concentrated refrigerating brines (NaCl or CaCy to which chromates are added as inhibitors (approximately 1.5-3. Og Na2Cr207/liter adjusted with NaOH to form CrOi ). In the presence of so large a Cr concentration, passivity of the kind discussed under Definition 1 (Section 6.1) does not take place. The reduction in corrosion rate is not as pronounced as when chlorides are absent [14] (see Table 17.1), and any reduction that occurs apparently results from formation of a surface diffusion barrier of chromate reduction products and iron oxides. Chromates are not adequate inhibitors for the hot concentrated brine solutions that, in the past, were sometimes mistakenly proposed as antifreeze solutions for engine cooling systems. 

By definition, power expressed in watts is equal to amperes x volts, and energy expressed in watt-hours is equal to amperes x volts x time (in hours). Therefore, the calculation of energy consumption requires a knowledge of the overall reaction and the number of Faradays required to produce the desired product, the operating cell voltage, and the cell current efficiency, which is illustrated here for the case of electrolytic chlorine production. The main anodic electrochemical reaction during the electrolysis of brine is the discharge of the chloride ions to produce chlorine, as described by reaction (4). When the chlorine current efficiency, ci2> is 100%, one Faraday of electricity will produce... 

A solution is composed of a solvent and one or more solutes. The solvent Is the substance that s present in the largest amount, and the solute Is the substance that s present in the lesser amount. These definitions work most of the time, but there are a few cases of extremely soluble salts, such as lithium chloride, in which more than 5 grams of salt can be dissolved in 5 milliliters of water. However, water is still considered the solvent, because it s the species that has not changed state. In addition, there can be more than one solute in a solution. You can dissolve salt in water to make a brine solution, and then you can dissolve some sugar in the same solution. You then have two solutes, salt and sugar, but you still have only one solvent — water. 

Definitive data on nucleation of colloidal silica particles in brine solutions at pH 4.5-5.5 and 95°C have been obtained by Makrides and associates in a study related to the deposition of silica from hot geothermal waters (106d). Their work showed conclusively that a solution of monosilicic acid requires an induction period for the formation of nuclei that strongly depends on the degree of supersaturation. Under these conditions appreciable time is required for the early stages of polymerization to produce three-dimensional polymer particles of the type that can function as nuclei. With a supersaturation ratio of 2-3. the nucleation time ranged from a few minutes to several hours. 

---