Brine cooler

Processes in the chemical industry require the control of temperatures of reactions where heat is liberated. Direct expansion refrigerant coils may constitute a hazard, and such heat exchangers generally use chilled water or brine. Coolers of this sort will be found in every branch of the chemical industry. 

A — Electrolyzers, B — Brine coolers, V — Anodes (framcn with platinum foils), l) — Graph to... 

Liquid to boiling liquid 20-60 [113.6-340.7] 50-150 [283.9-851.7] Water Brine coolers... 

The hydrogen chloride evolved during the reaction is drawn through a B ln. lead outlet pipe, serving as an air cooler, through two small and one Urge water-cooled lead coolers in series, from which the condensate returns to the reactor. The residual gas travels through a brine cooler (—46 C)... 

Installed costs for refrigeration on a ton-capacity basis can be obtained from Aries and Newton. The listed costs of equipment per ton of refrigeration ejBfect are based upon the complete plant, with low-side equipment, ready to run, including reciprocating or centrifugal compressors, motor, starter, receiver, water and brine coolers, conditioner, water cooling coils, etc. If an evaporative condenser instead of a water-cooled condenser is used, add 35 per ton for cooling tower, add 60 per ton. 

V-16 Soda ash calciner BC-17 Soda ash product conveyor E-18 AnnonIated-brIne cooler C-19 Annonlatlon tower... 

Reactor 2 Ethylbenzene-vaporizer 3 High-pressure steam generator 4 Combustion chamber 5 Flue gas blower 6 Air condenser 7 Scrubber 8 Brine cooler... 

Sodium and potassium benzoate are substances that may be added direcdy to human food and are affirmed as GRAS (33—35). Benzoic acid and sodium and potassium benzoate are now used as preservatives in such foods as sauces, pickles, cider, fmit juices, wine coolers, symps and concentrates, mincemeat and other acidic pie fillings, margarine, egg powder, fish (as a brine dip component), bottled carbonated beverages, and fmit preserves, jams, and jellies. The popularity of diet soft drinks has led to increased demand for both benzoate salts. 

Stream (T)may be Process Fluid being Cooled or Condensed, Or it maybe Brine being Cooled for Use in Process Coolers. Condensers and Miscelloneous Equipment. 

Chilling of brines for pre-cooling will generally be in shell-and-tube evaporators. The Baudelot cooler within the pressure vessel may be cooled by flooded or dry expansion refrigerant, or by brine. 

In general, the higher of the temperature differences between the outlet temperature of one stream and the inlet temperature of the other should be 20 deg K and the lower temperature difference should be 5-7 deg K for water coolers and 3-5 deg K when using refrigerated brines, although optimum values can only be determined by an economic analysis of alternative designs. 

We turn our attention now to the hydrothermal brines of the Red Sea. An oceanic survey in 1963 discovered pools of hot, saline, and metal-rich brines along the axial rift of the Red Sea (Degens and Ross, 1969 Hoffmann, 1991). The dense brines pond in the rift s depressions, or deeps. The Atlantis II deep contains the largest pool, which measures 5 x 14 km and holds about 5 km3 of supersaline brine. The deep holds two layers of brine. The lower brine contains about 25 wt.% dissolved salts and exists at temperatures up to 60 °C. Table 6.8 shows the brine s average composition. A somewhat cooler, less saline water overlies the lower brine, separating it from normal seawater. 

Figure 11.8 shows the Kvaemer Chemetics electrolytic process for the production of sodium chlorate (in a concentrated solution of strong liquor ) and hydrogen from sodium chloride solution ( brine ). The overall reaction is NaCl + 3H20 - NaC103 + H,(g). The part of the system shown consists primarily of brine electrolyzers, a degasi-fier, a chlorate reactor, and an electrolyte cooler. 

The design work to produce a commercial competitive product showed that lowering the temperature of brine to less than 50°C, which was necessary in the demonstration plant, added additional equipment and installation costs to the skids. A series of experiments were carried out on a new improved membrane element, developed for higher brine temperature. In this way we could feed dechlorinated brine to the skid without addition of a cooler. The results of these experiments are shown in Table 11.1. 

The mixture of two liquid phases is cooled in water cooler E-103 and then separated in brine decanter V-103. From that vessel the lighter phenol phase proceeds (P-108) to a basket type evaporator D-101 that is heated with steam. Overhead vapor from... 

Other Auxiliaries. The inlet feed coolers are conventional marine shell and tube heat exchangers, three in each bank. One bank is counterflow to the brine and the other is counterflow to the product water. Final temperature approach is in the order of 10° F. 

The brine containing some 15 per cent of sodium chloride is admitted to the electrolyzer at Oj and flows through the compartments which are arranged in cascades, and is let out at o2. The warmed electrolyte is cooled in a suitable cooler, and recirculated until the required concentration of active chlorine is attained. An electrolyzer with 36 compartments takes 60 A at a total voltage of 220 V. The temperature of the brine is maintained at 21 °C. Calcium chloride and Turkey red oil are added to the brine to lower cathodic reduction. 

Brine is pumped into tank A where the calcium aud the magnesium salts are removed in order to prevent their deposition on the cathode. The brine is then decanted in tank B, flows to cooler C and is cooled by means of coil D. The cooled solution is then pumped to a small container H, in which a constant level is maintained from there it flows down into eleetrolyzer K. After passing through the electrolyzer, it enters cooler G and is recirculated. As soon as the liquor attains the desired concentration, it is pumped into tank 0 by means of pump G. 

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