Brine constituents

The consequences of this theory are used in this model to predict activities and solubilities of the brine constituents for which necessary thermodynamic data were available in the literature. Brine constituents for which such data were not available were treated using other models. 

Constituent West central Michigan deep-weU brine Seawater... 

Constituent Upper stmcture brine, wt % Lower stmcture brine, wt %... 

Precipitation may be significant for heavy metals and other inorganic constituents in injected wastes. For example, sulfide ions have a strong affinity for metal ions, precipitating as metal sulfides. The dissolved constituents in injected wastes and reservoir fluids would not be in equilibrium with the in situ brines because of the fluids different temperature, pH, and Eh. When the fluids are mixed, precipitation reactions can lead to injection-well plugging. 

Calcium-sodium-chloride-type brines (which typically occur in deep-well-injection zones) require sophisticated electrolyte models to calculate their thermodynamic properties. Many parameters for characterizing the partial molal properties of the dissolved constituents in such brines have not been determined. (Molality is a measure of the relative number of solute and solvent particles in a solution and is expressed as the number of gram-molecular weights of solute in 1000 g of solvent.) Precise modeling is limited to relatively low salinities (where many parameters are unnecessary) or to chemically simple systems operating near 25°C. 

Well head pressures increased when injection was stopped at Well No. 1 for more than 24 h, apparently caused by a combination of precipitation reactions and backflow of sand. Injecting a slug of brine after every period of interrupted flow solved this problem. Movement of the main organic constituents (n-hexylamine, butanal, butanol, and phenol) was assumed to be slowed by adsorption. This conclusion was based on laboratory adsorption experiments by involving a different geologic formation (Cottage Grove sandstone) no direct observations were made of the injected waste. For current hazardous waste injection wells in Texas, the reader can refer to Texas Environmental Profiles web site for on-line resources for the State of Texas.185... 

Bastos ML, Lima MR, Conserva LM, Andrade VS, Rocha EM, Lemos RR (2009) Studies on the antimicrobial activity and brine shrimp toxicity of Zeyheria tuberculosa (Veil.) Bur. (Bignoniaceae) extracts and their main constituents. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 8 16. 

In most commercial processes, borax is obtained from lake brines, tincal and colemanite. The primary salt constituents of brine are sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, sodium carbonate and potassium chloride. The percent composition of borax as Na2B40 in brine is generally in the range 1.5 to 1.6%. Borax is separated from these salts by various physical and chemical processes. The brine solution (mixed with mother liquor) is subject to evaporation and crystahzation for the continuous removal of NaCl, Na2C03 and Na2S04, respectively. The hot liquor consists of concentrated solution of potassium salts and borate components of the brine. The insoluble solid particles are filtered out and the liquor is cooled rapidly in continuous vacuum crystallizers under controlled conditions of temperatures and concentrations to crystallize KCl. Cystallization of borax along with KCl from the concentrated liquor must not occur at this stage. KCl is separated from the hquor by filtration. Bicarbonate then is added to the liquor to prevent any formation of sodium... 

Magnesium chloride is a constituent of sea water. It also is found in most natural brines and many minerals such as carnallite, KCl MgCl2 H20. Its hexahydrate occurs in nature as mineral bischofite, MgCb 6H2O. 

The Stassfurt deposits have been the subject of elaborate investigations by J. H. van t Hoff and his school.16 In 1849, J. Usiglio 17 studied the deposition of salts when sea.water is cone, by evaporation, and examined the residues analytically. He found that calcium carbonate was first eliminated, then calcium sulphate, then sodium chloride, and the more soluble salts accumulated in the mother liquid. This method of investigation does not allow sufficient time for the various salts to attain a state of equilibrium, and it therefore follows that the natural evaporation of brines probably furnishes somewhat different results. Moreover, it is difficult, if not impossible, to identify the several substances which separate from the mother liquid formed during the later stages of the evaporation. J. H. van t Hoff followed the synthetic method in his study of this subject. He started from simple soln. like those of sodium and potassium chlorides, under definite conditions of temp., and gradually added the pertinent constituents until the subject became so complicated that the crystallization of the constituents from concentrating sea water was reduced to a special case of a far more comprehensive work. 

In England, all the salt prepared is obtained from tlw evaporation of strong brines by artificial beat. The brinee used are saturated, or nearly saturated solutions of salt in water, Containing from 23 to 26 5 per cent, of pure chloride of sodium, besides other constituents while a saturated solution of salt in water only contains 27 per cent, of salt, Indeed, several experiments tond to show that some brine springs would seem to bold in solution more chloride than would bo token up by the same, amount of water, however long it were left in contact with dry salt,... 

Iron is a common constituent of marine sediments. Magnetite is found in beach sands and iron is coituuoti in glauconitic manne silicates. Iron oxides and sulfides occur where anaerobic conditions and elevated temperatures arc found, as in the hot. salty brines found near rifts. Iron is a major constituent of the ferromanganese nodules. 

Huang, J.M., Nakade, K., Kondo, M., Yang, C.S. and Fukuyama, Y. (2002) Brine shrimp lethality test active constituents and new highly oxygenated seco-prezizaane-type sesquiterpenes from lllicium merrillianum. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (Tokyo) 50(1), 1 33-1 36. 

Brine is a salty water trapped in rock formations and is often, but not always, associated with oil and gas deposits. It consists mostly of sodium chloride, but can also contain other constituents such as organics, bromide, some heavy metals, and boron. Releasing brine to the soil-water environment in the hope that dilution will minimize the problem is highly questionable because of the brine s toxicity potential. The causes and effects of salt in soil-water systems, or brine disposed into soil-water systems, are discussed below. 

Displacement of the discrete CO2 segments results in a much larger apparent viscosity inside porous media than the viscosity of any of the constituents. Small amounts of surfactant give large CO2 mobility reductions even at low saturation and fractional flow of brine. The mobility level can be adjusted through surfactant concentration, structure and gas/liquid ratio. 

The attempt to validate the model, therefore, shifted from the addition of metals to brine to measuring metals in natural brines which could be assumed to be near equilibrium with their constituent trace metals. North Arm Great Salt Lake, Utah (GSL) brine was chosen because its composition relative to South Arm brines is fairly constant (36, 37), allowing data from other workers to be meaningfully compared with this present study. Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn were determined in the GSL North Arm Brines and... 

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