Oxidative stress brain

Pratico D, Clark CM, Liun F, Rokach J, Lee VY, Trojanowski JQ. 2002. Increase of brain oxidative stress in mild cognitive impairment A possible predictor of Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 59 972-976. 

Farr SA, Poon HF, Dogrukol-Ak D, Drake J, Banks WA, et al. 2003. The antioxidants alpha-lipoic add and N-acetylcysteine reverse memory impairment and brain oxidative stress in aged SAMP8 mice. J Neurochem 84 1173-1183. 

Mohmmad Abdul H, Wenk GL, Gramling M, Hauss-Wegrzyniak B, Butterfield DA (2004) APP and PS-1 mutations induce brain oxidative stress independent of dietary cholesterol implications for Alzheimer s disease. Neurosci Lett 368 148-150 Moskovitz J, Yim MB, Chock PB (2002) Free radicals and disease. Arch Biochem Biophys 397 354-359... 

Flora, S.J.S., Bhadauria, S., Pant, S.C., Dhaked, R.K. (2005). Arsenic induced blood and brain oxidative stress and its response to some thiol chelators in rats. Life Set 77 2324-37. 

Aluise, C. D., R. A. Robinson, T. L. Beckett et al. Preclinical Alzheimer disease Brain oxidative stress, Abeta peptide and proteomics. 39(2), 2010 221-8. 

Augustin, W. et al.. Beta-carotene cleavage products induce oxidative stress by impairing mitochondrial functions brain mitochondria are more sensitive than liver mitochondria, Free Rad. Biol. Med., 33, S326, 2002. 

Bayir, H. et al. (2005) Enhanced oxidative stress in iNOS-deficient mice after traumatic brain injury support for a neuroprotective role of iNOS. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow el Metabolism, 25 (6), 673-684. 

Over the past years it has become apparent that the cell type is an important determinant of the extent of oxidative stress that may occur. Both the latent activities of cytoprotective enzymes in specific cell types, as well as the ability of the cell to respond rapidly to an oxidative insult by the upregulation of such enzymes, will be important predeterminants of the fate of the cell. Table 10.1 shows the concentrations of both antioxidants and cytoprotective enzymes in a variety of tissues. While the liver is well provided with antioxidant protection, the brain has very low levels, so the ability to respond rapidly to an oxidative insult by upregulation of gene transcription and translation will be an important determinant of survival or death. Cells such as hepatocytes have high levels of expression and... 

The progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) towards its more advanced stages is accompanied by increasing body stores of iron. Iron accumulates in macrophages as well as microglia, endothelial cells and myocytes. The iron burden is especially intense in the bone marrow, brain white matter, muscle and liver. Such excesses of iron will enhance oxidative stress, impair several already compromised immune defence mechanisms and directly promote the growth of microbes (Boelaert et ah, 1996). 

An inevitable consequence of ageing is an increase of iron in specific brain regions that may be contributory to a generalized increased oxidative stress. Cell type also appears to be important neurons alone are highly sensitive to oxidative stress, although if cultured in the presence of astrocytes or microglia they remain viable after exposure to ROS or RNS (Tanaka et ah, 1999). It has also been shown that soluble and insoluble factors secreted by the astrocytes protect the neurons against ROS and RNS. 

The presence at the BBB of members of the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRPs) family, whose members preferentially transport anionic compounds, is still controversial. The seven members of the MRP family belong, like P-gp, to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) protein superfamily. Mrpl has been found at the BBB in isolated rat brain capillaries, primary cultures of brain capillary endothelial cells and in immortalized capillary endothelial cells, but not in human brain capillaries [59]. Another member, MRP2 has been found at the luminal membrane of the brain endothelial cells [60]. However, further studies are required to show that there are MRP transporters at the BBB (Figure 15.5). As for P-gp, a functional Mrpl was found in primary cultured rat astrocytes [56] and it has been shown to take part in the release of glutathione disulfide from brain astrocytes under oxidative stress [61]. 

Joseph J, Shukitt-Hale B, Casadesus G and Fisher D. 2005. Oxidative stress and inflammation in brain aging nutritional considerations. Neurochem Res 30 927—935. 

In conclusion, it should be mentioned that there are numerous proposals for the application of various food products having antioxidant activity for the protection against various free radical-mediated pathologies. For example, it has been suggested that nutritional interventions such as increasing dietary intake of fruits and vegetables can decrease the age-related declines in brain functions probably via the suppression of oxidative stress [368],... 

Oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species is described for many other brain disorders of inflammatory and noninflammatory nature. Some examples of such disorders are given below. Quick and Dugan [326] demonstrated superoxide-mediated damage of neurons... 

HYPOXIC-ISCHEMIC BRAIN INJURY AND OXIDATIVE STRESS 559... 

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