Brain Neuroanatomy

In vitro autoradiographic studies of [ HJparoxetine-labeled serotonin uptake sites in control and MDMA-treated brains were earried out as previously deseribed (De Souza and Kuyatt 1987) to assess the neuroanatomie loealization of lesions induced by MDMA. Substantial reduetions in serotonin uptake sites (50 to 100 percent decreases) were observed in all areas of eerebral cortex as early as 18 hours after a 4-day treatment... 

Breivogel CS, Childers SR. The functional neuroanatomy of brain cannabinoid receptors. Neurobiol Dis 1998 5 417—431. 

Distributional maps of tyrosine-hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the rat brain. In Bjorklund A., Hokfelt T., editors. Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy. New York Elsevier pp. 277-379. 

Court JA, Martin-Ruiz C, Graham A and Perry E (2000). Nicotinic receptors in human brain Topography and pathology. Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy, 20, 281-298. 

Based on the described neuroanatomy, the three key matrices for evaluating compound concentrations to determine the extent and/or rate of CNS penetration are blood, CSF, and brain tissue. Due to the nearly universal analysis of plasma to determine systemic concentrations of small molecules, total plasma compound concentration (Cp) will henceforth be substituted for total blood concentration, which is the product of Cp and compound blood-to-plasma ratio. 

The first lecture given by Tomas Hokfelt, who pioneered anatomical studies based on amine fluorescence, was entitled, Neuroanatomy for the Neurochemist while the second lecture given by Louis Sokoloff, who invented the methodology of functional brain imaging originally based on metabolism of radionuclide labeled-2-deoxyglucose, was entitled Neurochemistry for the Neuroanatomist . The history and further information... 

ACh is necessary for control of skeletal muscle in verterbrates, acting as the neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction. It is also involved in transmission in the autonomic nervous system (see below, under "Neuroanatomy"). Central ACh is produced in two general areas in the brain incuding the basal forebrain (medial septal nuclei, diagonal band... 

Rioch s illustrious career had started at Harvard in neuroanatomy, after which his interests moved progressively from the structure of the brain to the anatomy of the mind. His span of knowledge was truly awesome. 

Information processing in the human brain via neuro-chemically defined neuronal systems is complex. Therefore, it remains a challenge to conceptualize psychiatric disorders and their treatment in a reductionistic framework of chemical neuroanatomy. We can nonetheless broadly state that the anatomic organization of neurotransmitter systems determines their behavioral affiliation, and that receptors modulate the electrical or biochemical properties of neurons, with direct relevance to the mechanism of action of psychotropic drugs. Future research will provide more detailed information on the subtypes of neurons and specific neurotransmitters systems that are abnormal in psychiatric disorders, and provide a more rational approach to the development of new treatment interventions. 

What then, is the current evidence to support a role of norepinephrine in depression, such that manipulation of noradrenergic activity bears particular relevance to the successful treatment of mood disorders Interpretation of studies depends on the continually evolving conceptualizations of the roles of brain noradrenergic systems. A potentially useful way of thinking about the function of the norepinephrine in the brain can be derived from examining the neuroanatomy of the noradrenergic system. A summary of findings [primarily from rodents and primates) is as follows. 

The CNS can be grossly divided into the brain and spinal cord (Fig. 5-1). The brain is subdivided according to anatomic or functional criteria. The following is a brief overview of the general organization of the brain and spinal cord, with some indication of where particular CNS drugs tend to exert their effects. This chapter is not intended to be an extensive review of neuroanatomy—a more elaborate discussion of CNS structure and function can be found in several excellent sources.25 28,40,41... 

Day HE, Campeau S, Watson SJ, Jr., Akil H (1997) Distribution of ocia-, ocib- anspinal cord. Journal of chemical neuroanatomy 13 115-39 Dennedy MC, Houlihan DD, McMillan H, Morrison JJ (2002) (J2- and (J3-adrenoreceptor ago-nists human myometrial selectivity and effects on umbilical artery tone. Am J Obstet Gynecol... 

Chemical Neuroanatomy of 5-HT Receptor Subtypes in the Mammalian Brain... 

Attempts to define a biological basis for ADHD have been consistently unsuccessful. The neuroanatomy of the brain, as demonstrated by neuroimaging studies, is normal. No neuropathologic substrate has been demonstrated, (p. 36)... 

An account of the dopaminergic systems in the human forebrain is given by Hurd and Hall in this volume, and a chapter on these systems in the brain of primates has already appeared in the Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy (Lewis and Sesack, 1997). The present chapter will therefore refer mainly to rodents. Data on dopaminergic cell groups and circuits in other subprimates and in primates will be mentioned, whenever useful for comparison and discussion. Some emphasis will be given instead to the distribution of DA receptors in the primate brain as compared to the rat, in order to provide an overview of the distribution of DA receptor subtypes. 

Lewis DA, Sesack SR (1997) Dopamine systems in the primate brain. In Bloom FE, Bjorklund A, Hokfelt T (Eds), Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy, Vol. 13 The Primate Nervous System, Part I, pp. 263-375. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 

Lindvall O, Bjorland A (1983) Dopamine and norepinephrine-containing neuron systems their anatomy in the rat brain. In Emson PC (Ed), Chemical Neuroanatomy, pp. 229-255. Raven Press, New York. 

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