Distribution Mapping

Fig. 8.6. Elemental distribution maps of a shoek modified but unreaeted powder mixture in the work of Hammetter et al. [88H01] show that there is eonsiderable mixing of niekel into the aluminum.

Figure 6.19 Element distribution maps for a scanning electron micrograph of a dental silicate cement (a) optical micrograph of area of study, (b) Si distribution, (c) P distribution, d) A1 distribution (Wilson et at., 1972).

Figure 1.23. Distribution map of low Na20 anomalies in the Kosaka area (Date et al., 1983).

NMR interpretation has made significant advances with diffusion-editing pulse sequences and two-dimensional inversion of diffusivity and T2 relaxation [7,40-44]. The 2D inversion can also be used to compare Tj and T2 relaxation with each other [42]. Distributions of these two characteristic parameters can now be displayed on a 2D map and the relationship between them more easily visually interpreted. The 2D distribution map can be interpreted by comparing the measured distribution with the line for the bulk diffusivity of water and the correlation lines for the hydrocarbon components in crude oils, shown in Figure 3.6.10 as dashed lines [40-46]. Figure... 

An average compositional spectrum as well as two-dimensional element distribution maps were acquired simultaneously from each scanned area. Line spectra could also be obtained by allowing the microbeam to scan along a line across the crystal face. The authors examined the base crystal, the smaller crystal as well as the interface region. 

Figure 4.24 shows the spatial distribution maps obtained from Y, Ba, Cu and Au by micro-PIXE. 

Figure 4.24. Elemental distribution maps from an area of 500 x 500 pm2 covering the smaller crystal, the interface region and part of the base crystal of YBCO. (Reproduced by permission of Faiz et al. 1966.)... 

Analysis by the Detection of X-rays or y rays. EPMA is a fully qualitative and quantitative method of non-destructive analysis of micrometre-sized volumes at the surface of materials, with sensitivity at the level of ppm. All elements from Be to U can be analysed, either in the form of point analysis, from line scans and also as X-ray distribution maps. Current software allows the combination of elemental data in the latter, so that, for example, the digital data for those elements that corresponds to a selected phase will produce an X-ray map of the distribution of that phase in a given microstructure. 

Distributional maps of tyrosine-hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the rat brain. In Bjorklund A., Hokfelt T., editors. Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy. New York Elsevier pp. 277-379. 

IMS is a new, developing technique to visualize biomolecule maps in tissue. IMS has opened a new frontier in medicine as well as in clinical applications. Lipids and low-molecular-weight compounds in tissue sections cannot be observed with conventional microscopic or electron microscopic techniques therefore, no distribution map of these molecules in a tissue structure has been described in the scientific literature or in medical textbooks. However, IMS is bringing to light the characteristic distribution map of lipids (Fig. 21.11) this map made a major impact to lipid research. 

The multivariate method MCR-ALS has been used to analyse data in order to identify the main sources of organic pollution affecting the Ebro River delta. Subsequently, an interpolation procedure has been also applied to obtain distribution maps from the punctual resolved data (corresponding to the score values obtained from MCR-ALS). 

Figure 3. Distribution map of annual average incidences of Keshan disease (acute and subacute) in China (Tan et al., 1994).

The various M-space indices displayed here — and in the equations which follow — are calculated via the wave function charge distribution mapping (2.6) from the appropriate Ay-spacc indices (see BH-I for details). The regime intermediate between the SC and the BO limits requires the solvent electronic polarization matrix [cf. (2.12)]... 

If we know precisely what is happening within the vessel, thus if we have a complete velocity distribution map for the fluid in the vessel, then we should, in principle, be able to predict the behavior of a vessel as a reactor. Unfortunately, this approach is impractical, even in today s computer age. 

Figure 2.1 illustrates normal myocardial perfusion by PET using Rubidium ( Rb) at rest and after dipyridamole stress in 3D views. A coronary arterial map is overlaid on the perfusion image or alternatively an arterial distribution map as a precise perfusion atlas of the coronary artery tree and all its secondary and tertiary branches [25]. 

Fig. 9.2.12 Element distribution maps obtained by EDS with CoNi particles (A) STEM image, (B) nickel, (C) cobalt. (From Ref. 8.)...

Weak Multiway Methods Figure 7 shows the three steps in weak N-way analysis Unfold the data cube, perform the selected chemometric methods, and refold the matrix in order to display distribution maps. Weak N-way analysis comprises two main variants ... 

Pixel Distribution and Particle Size Determination Quantitative parameters can also be computed to analyze a distribution map. The first tool (Figure 9) is to display the pixel histogram and calculate classical statistics such as mean, standard... 

A Raman microscope (Renishaw, 785-nm laser, spectral range 800-100cm ) with a line-mapping detector (21 pixels/line) was used to analyze a solid dosage form. The image size was 105 x 88 pixels, that is, 325 pm x 270 pm, and acquisition time was about 40 min. Spectra were smoothed and normalized. Peak heights were determined for the three main compounds—API, lactose, and cellulose (Figure 11)—in order to create distribution maps. 

Figure 17. Mass activity distribution maps for both new and aged MEAs showing impact of 200 unmitigated start-stop cycles. Test conditions rcen = 80 °C, dewpt = 85 °C (anode and cathode), P = 250/270 kPaa, s (anode/cathode), high stoichiometry flow for anode (H2) and cathode (O2).

Species, Temperature, and Current Distribution Mapping in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells... 

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