Brain functional neuroanatomy

Breivogel CS, Childers SR. The functional neuroanatomy of brain cannabinoid receptors. Neurobiol Dis 1998 5 417—431. 

Although volumes have been written about neuroanatomy and brain functioning, in this discussion we will touch on only those brain structures felt to be relevant to the study of psychiatric disorders. What follows represents a very brief overview of functional neuroanatomy, which will lay the groundwork for the specific material presented in the chapters that follow. 

Critchley HD, Daly EM, BuUmore ET, Williams SC, Van Amelsvoort T, Robertson DM, Rowe A, PhiUips M, McAlonan G, HowUn P, Murphy DG (2000) The functional neuroanatomy of social behaviour changes in cerebral blood flow when people with autistic disorder process facial expressions. Brain 123 (Ptll) 2203-2212. 

The first lecture given by Tomas Hokfelt, who pioneered anatomical studies based on amine fluorescence, was entitled, Neuroanatomy for the Neurochemist while the second lecture given by Louis Sokoloff, who invented the methodology of functional brain imaging originally based on metabolism of radionuclide labeled-2-deoxyglucose, was entitled Neurochemistry for the Neuroanatomist . The history and further information... 

What then, is the current evidence to support a role of norepinephrine in depression, such that manipulation of noradrenergic activity bears particular relevance to the successful treatment of mood disorders Interpretation of studies depends on the continually evolving conceptualizations of the roles of brain noradrenergic systems. A potentially useful way of thinking about the function of the norepinephrine in the brain can be derived from examining the neuroanatomy of the noradrenergic system. A summary of findings [primarily from rodents and primates) is as follows. 

The CNS can be grossly divided into the brain and spinal cord (Fig. 5-1). The brain is subdivided according to anatomic or functional criteria. The following is a brief overview of the general organization of the brain and spinal cord, with some indication of where particular CNS drugs tend to exert their effects. This chapter is not intended to be an extensive review of neuroanatomy—a more elaborate discussion of CNS structure and function can be found in several excellent sources.25 28,40,41... 

The optimal use of an integrated methods approach should allow assessment of nutrient effects on behavior, neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, and form-function relationships (e.g., time-locked combinations of methods, such as functional MRI). It is important to have assessments that tap similar brain areas across species (from human to rodent), allowing extrapolation of CNS effects at the tissue level (rodents) to species where tissue is unavailable (humans, nonhuman primates). Table 5-13 provides examples of the cross-referencing of behavioral tasks across three species. 

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