Brain neural circuitry

Frost, D.O., Cadet, J.-L. Effects of methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity on the development of neural circuitry a hypothesis. Brain Res. Rev. 34 103, 2000. 

Many biological factors such as age and weight play a crucial role in the way that drugs affect the brain and influence behavior. So, too, does the unique neural circuitry that you inherited from your parents and that sometimes influences whether a drug will be exciting or depressing to you. This concept was probably... 

Benes FM. 2000. Emerging principles of altered neural circuitry in schizophrenia. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 31 ... 

Davidson RJ, Putnam KM, Larson CL. 2000. Dysfunction in the neural circuitry of emotion regulation - A possible prelude to violence. Science 289 591-594. de Araujo I, Rolls ET, Kringelbach ML, McGlone F, Phillips N. 2003. Taste-olfactory convergence, and the representation of the pleasantness of flavour, in the human brain. Eur J Neurosci 18 2059-2068. 

Benes FM. 1998. Model generation and testing to probe neural circuitry in the cingulate cortex of postmortem schizophrenic brain. Schizophr Bull 24 219-230. 

As described in the previous sections, neuropathological studies demonstrated alterations in the levels of several synaptic proteins in the PFC, hippocampus, and cerebellum of patients with schizophrenia (13, 15, 53). These observations have lead to the hypothesis that the clinical symptoms of schizophrenia are manifestations of abnormal neural circuitry and dysfunctional communication between different brain regions (22, 51). These abnormalities affect multiple neurotransmitter systems. Although dopamine dysfunction in schizophrenia is widely accepted, a growing body of evidence suggests the involvement of glutamate, GABA, and other neurotransmitters in schizophrenia. 

Benes PM. Emerging principles of altered neural circuitry in schizophrenia. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 2000 31 251-269. Lewis DA, Levitt P. Schizophrenia as a disorder of neurodevelopment. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2002 25 409-32. 

The serotonergic neurons of the raphe nuclei in the brainstem innervate the entire brain and likely exert substantial modulatory effects on our perceptions, emotions, thought processes, and conscious awareness— the mental states that may collectively be called the mind. Psilocybin and related tryptamines from Psilocybe fungi are believed to produce their profound effects on the brain and mind by way of interacting with 5-HT2A receptors in the cerebral cortex, limbic system, and elsewhere. As chemical probes that might lead to a better understanding of how the neural circuitry of the brain is related to the nature of mind, they offer unprecedented opportunities ... 

Neural Circuitry and Involvement of Other Brain Areas. 262... 

Becker T, Becker G, Seufert J, Hofmann E, Lange KW, Naumann M (1997) Parkinson s disease and depression evidence for an alteration of the basal limbic system detected by tianscranial sonography. J Neurol Neurosurg Psych 63 590-596 Becker EB, Bonni A (2005) Beyond pioUferation-cell cycle control of neuronal survival and differentiation in the developing mammalian brain. Semin Cell Dev Biol 16 439-448 Benes FM (2000) Emerging principles of altered neural circuitry in schizophrenia. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 31 251-269... 

It is well known that mammalian brain has ability to undergo experience-mediated adaptations. This property is reflected in the ability of neural cells to continuously modify the neural circuitry not only to feelings and behavior but also to interact effectively with their environment and to cope better with neural injuries. This process is called as neural plasticity. Four core factors modulate neural plasticity. They include reduced schedules of brain activity, noisy processing, weakened neuromodulatory control, and negative learning. The locus of this plasticity... 

The hypothalamus is one of the areas of the brain of vitamin Bg-deficient rats with significant decreases in PLP and serotonin compared with vitamin Bg-replete controls. There is no decrease in the contents of dopamine and norepinephrine. The concept of the regulatory role of the hypothalamus through the neurotransmitters is generally accepted. Regulation of the release of stimulatory or inhibitory factors by the hypothalamus involves complex neural circuitry in which the serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons represent links in the control... 

Parylene s use in the medical field is linked to electronics. Certain pacemaker manufacturers use it as a protective conformal coating on pacemaker circuitry (69). The coated circuitry is sealed in a metal can, so that the parylene coating serves only as a backup should the primary barrier leak. There is also interest in its use as an electrode insulation in the fabrication of miniature electrodes for long-term implantation to record or to stimulate neurons in the central or peripheral nervous system, as the "front end" of experimental neural prostheses (70). One report describes the 3-yr survival of functioning parylene-coated electrodes in the brain of a monkey (71). 

Critical periods may vary depending on the area of the brain and the activity involved. Despite the evidence that patterns of neural activity influence the organization of neuronal circuitry, the mechanisms involved remain elusive. Neuronal activity drives the selective survival and sprouting of branches, accompanied by the local addition of synapses, within appropriate areas furthermore, the lack of activity promotes the pruning of synaptic connections from inactive areas (Katz and Shatz, 1996). These competitive processes increase the refinement and precision of maps and require the activity of excitatory receptors (Constantine-Paton et ah, 1990 Antonini and Stryker, 1993) and locally released growth factors (Thoenen, 1995 Inoue and Sanes, 1997). 

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