BoTox botulinum

Botox (Botulinum A toxin). Allergan Ltd. UK Summary of product characteiisticsi, December 2002... 

Bose-Einstein condensation, 17 352 Bosons, 17 352 Boswellic acids, 24 557 Botox (Clostridium botulinum toxin type A), 2 816 Bottle centrifuge operation, 5 528-529 theory of performance, 5 507-508 Bottle polymerizatioi, 20 376 Bottles... 

Clostridium botulinum (Type A-Str.62), exposure to ethylene-dichlorodifluoro-methane mixture, 8 635t Clostridium botulinum toxin (Botox) type A, 2 816... 

Botox is a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.When Botox is injected into facial tissues, it is absorbed by the nerve endings of muscle fibers. Nerve transmissions are interrupted and consequently the muscle relaxes. The relaxed muscle is then no longer effective to pull the facial lines to show the wrinkles. 

Primary axillary hyperhidrosis (Botox only) The recommended dose is 50 units per axilla. Define the hyperhidrotic area to be injected using standard staining techniques (eg. Minor s Iodine-Starch Test). Botulinum toxin type A is reconstituted with 0.9% nonpreserved sterile saline (100 units/4 mL). Using a 30-gauge needle, 50 units of botulinum toxin type A (2 mL) is injected intradermally in 0.1 to 0.2 mL aliquots to each axilla evenly distributed in multiple sites (10 to 15) approximately 1 to 2 cm apart. 

Blepharospasm (Botox only) For blepharospasm, reconstituted botulinum toxin type A is injected using a sterile, 27- to 30-gauge needle without electromyographic guidance. The initial recommended dose is 1.25 to 2.5 units (0.05 to 0.1 mL volume at... 

Strabismus (Botox only) The volume of botulinum toxin type A injected for treatment of strabismus should be between 0.05 to 0.15 mL per muscle. 

Botulinum Toxin Type A (Botox, Botox Cosmetic, Myobloc, Dysport)... 

Botulinum toxin is used clinically in the treatment of blepharospasm, writer s cramp, spasticities of various origins, and rigidity due to extrapyramidal disorders. It is also used to treat gustatory sweating and cosmetically to decrease facial wrinkles. Botulinum toxin A Botox, Oculinum) injected intramuscularly produces functional denervation that lasts about 3 months. Clinical benefit is seen within 1 to 3 days. Adverse effects range from diplopia and irritation with blepharospasm to muscle weakness with dystonias. 

Botulinum proteins Clostridium botulinum Botox, prepared... 

Other Botulinum toxin A, neutrotoxin complex Botox Vacuum dried 100 U vial IM NA... 

Botox (Toxin) Muscle relaxation activity, cervical dystonia Botulinum sp. 

Surprisingly perhaps, given its extreme toxicity, botulinum toxin was introduced into medical practice in 1983 to treat patients with squint. Since then, its use has been expanded to include other disorders of muscle control suffered by patients with cerebral palsy or after a severe stroke where the brain cannot control the muscles, which may remain permanently contracted. Tiny amounts of the toxin are injected into the affected muscle, which then becomes paralyzed and, so, relaxed. There are several forms of the toxin that are now marketed as "Botox 7 (type A toxin) and Myobloc (type B toxin). More recently, Botox has been used in "cosmetic77 medicine as a way of reducing lines and wrinkles in the face due to aging. 

Release. Certain drugs will increase synaptic activity by directly increasing the release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic terminal. Amphetamines appear to exert their effects on the CNS primarily by increasing the presynaptic release of catecholamine neurotransmitters (e.g., norepinephrine). Conversely, other compounds may inhibit the synapse by directly decreasing the amount of transmitter released during each action potential. An example is botulinum toxin (Botox), which can be used as a skeletal muscle relaxant because of its ability to impair the release of acetylcholine from the skeletal neuromuscular junction (see Chapter 13). 

This chapter deals with botulinum toxin type A (BOTOX) in the treatment of strabismus, blepharospasm, and related disorders. Botulinum toxin type A (BOTOX) has been used to treat strabismus, blepharospasm, Meige s syndrome, and spasmodic torticollis. By preventing acetylcholine release at me neuromuscular junction, botulinum toxin A usually causes a temporary paralysis of the locally injected muscles. The variability in duration of paralysis may be related to me rate of developing antibodies to me toxin, upregulation of nicotinic cholinergic postsynaptic receptors, and aberrant regeneration of motor nerve fibers at me neuromuscular junction. Complications related to this toxin include double vision (diplopia) and lid droop (ptosis). 

Figure 4.1 At top, Clostridium botulinum is seen under a microscope, and at bottom is a vial of BoTox for intramuscular injection. BoTox has become a popular alternative to cosmetic surgery for removing wrinkles.

There are at least two relatively common variants of TD tardive dystonia and tardive akathisia. According to Burke et al. (1982), tardive dystonia involves sustained involuntary twisting movements, generally slow, which may affect the limbs, trunk, neck, or face (p. 1335). The face and neck are by far the most frequently affected areas of the body. Severe deformities of the neck (torticollis) can cause extreme pain and disability. I have seen several cases affecting the orbital muscles of the eyes (blepharospasm) to the degree that the individual s vision was impaired, requiring botulinum (Botox) injections to paralyze the muscles. I have also seen respiratory and abdominal muscles affected in a painful and debilitating manner. 

Botulinum toxin is both a medication and a neurotoxin, produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. It is the most toxic protein known. It can be used to treat muscle spasms, and is sold commercially under various names (Botox, Dysport, Myobloc, etc.). Botox Cosmetic and Vistabel are available for cosmetic treatment. The toxin protein consists... 

Recently, the extreme potency of botulinum toxin has led to multiple medical uses of this substance, including the treatment of cervical torticollis, strabismus, and other musculoskeletal disorders, as well as in cosmetic plastic surgery as Botox for the elimination of facial lines or wrinkles (Lemonick, 2002). The irreversible action of botulinum toxin on nerve transmission when used in minute amounts leads to prolonged therapeutic effects of greater than 3 months in duration. An iatrogenic form is also reported secondary to adverse effects of local injection of the toxin in cosmetic procedures or in patients with spasticity (Ihgnoli, 2002). 

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