Botox

Bordetella pertussis Toxin Borer Sol Boroethane Boron Bromide Boron Chloride Boron Fluoride Boron Hydride Boron Tribromide Boron Trichloride Boron Trifluoride Botox... 

Because I am a successful professional, I have the means to afford elective surgery. And like Pandora s Box, once I opened the door to (20) anti-aging surgical possibilities, it seems almost impossible to close it again. In 2002, more than 1.1 million Americans had Botox injections—a procedure that erases wrinkles by paralyzing facial muscles. I find myself asking Why not me Is it time to jump on the bandwagon In a competitive culture where looks count, is it almost (25) impractical not to ... 

Bose-Einstein condensation, 17 352 Bosons, 17 352 Boswellic acids, 24 557 Botox (Clostridium botulinum toxin type A), 2 816 Bottle centrifuge operation, 5 528-529 theory of performance, 5 507-508 Bottle polymerizatioi, 20 376 Bottles... 

Clostridium botulinum (Type A-Str.62), exposure to ethylene-dichlorodifluoro-methane mixture, 8 635t Clostridium botulinum toxin (Botox) type A, 2 816... 

Botox is a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.When Botox is injected into facial tissues, it is absorbed by the nerve endings of muscle fibers. Nerve transmissions are interrupted and consequently the muscle relaxes. The relaxed muscle is then no longer effective to pull the facial lines to show the wrinkles. 

Treatment with Botox is temporary. Once the nerve endings return to normal, the muscle will resume its contractual pull on the wrinkles. 

Figure 13.9 k soldier wounded at the Battle of Corunna (a battle in the Peninsular War) suffering simultaneous contraction of all muscles after infection with the bacterium, Clostridium tetani. Both agonist and antagonist muscles are active in this condition. The bacterium is found in the earth, especially in places where animal faeces have been present. Bacteria invade the body through a wound, especially in soldiers in battle. The bacterium secretes a toxin that is absorbed into the motor nerves which then become acutely responsive to mild stimuli. It can lead to death unless treated (from Bell 1824). The toxin is now used in cosmetic manipulation to stimulate contraction of muscles in the face to tighten the skin which removes or conceals wrinkles (Botox). 

Cervical dystonia (CD) (Botox only) For the treatment of CD in adults to decrease the severity of abnormal head position and neck pain associated with CD. Glabellar lines (Botox Cosmetic only) For the temporary improvement in the appearance of moderate to severe glabellar lines associated with corrugator or procerus muscle activity in adult patients 65 years of age or younger. 

Axillary hyperhidrosis (Botox only) For the treatment of severe primary axillary hyperhidrosis that is inadequately managed with topical agents. 

Glabellar lines (Botox Cosmetic only) Inject IM only. 

Primary axillary hyperhidrosis (Botox only) The recommended dose is 50 units per axilla. Define the hyperhidrotic area to be injected using standard staining techniques (eg. Minor s Iodine-Starch Test). Botulinum toxin type A is reconstituted with 0.9% nonpreserved sterile saline (100 units/4 mL). Using a 30-gauge needle, 50 units of botulinum toxin type A (2 mL) is injected intradermally in 0.1 to 0.2 mL aliquots to each axilla evenly distributed in multiple sites (10 to 15) approximately 1 to 2 cm apart. 

Blepharospasm (Botox only) For blepharospasm, reconstituted botulinum toxin type A is injected using a sterile, 27- to 30-gauge needle without electromyographic guidance. The initial recommended dose is 1.25 to 2.5 units (0.05 to 0.1 mL volume at... 

Strabismus (Botox only) The volume of botulinum toxin type A injected for treatment of strabismus should be between 0.05 to 0.15 mL per muscle. 

Administration of Botox Cosmetic is not recommended during pregnancy. 

Botulinum Toxin Type A (Botox, Botox Cosmetic, Myobloc, Dysport)... 

Botulinum toxin is used clinically in the treatment of blepharospasm, writer s cramp, spasticities of various origins, and rigidity due to extrapyramidal disorders. It is also used to treat gustatory sweating and cosmetically to decrease facial wrinkles. Botulinum toxin A Botox, Oculinum) injected intramuscularly produces functional denervation that lasts about 3 months. Clinical benefit is seen within 1 to 3 days. Adverse effects range from diplopia and irritation with blepharospasm to muscle weakness with dystonias. 

Botulinum proteins Clostridium botulinum Botox, prepared... 

Other Botulinum toxin A, neutrotoxin complex Botox Vacuum dried 100 U vial IM NA... 

Botox (Toxin) Muscle relaxation activity, cervical dystonia Botulinum sp. 

Surprisingly perhaps, given its extreme toxicity, botulinum toxin was introduced into medical practice in 1983 to treat patients with squint. Since then, its use has been expanded to include other disorders of muscle control suffered by patients with cerebral palsy or after a severe stroke where the brain cannot control the muscles, which may remain permanently contracted. Tiny amounts of the toxin are injected into the affected muscle, which then becomes paralyzed and, so, relaxed. There are several forms of the toxin that are now marketed as "Botox 7 (type A toxin) and Myobloc (type B toxin). More recently, Botox has been used in "cosmetic77 medicine as a way of reducing lines and wrinkles in the face due to aging. 

However, the toxin must be used with great care, and there have been cases of unwanted and long-term effects after its repeated cosmetic use and evidence that botox can move away from the injection site. 

Release. Certain drugs will increase synaptic activity by directly increasing the release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic terminal. Amphetamines appear to exert their effects on the CNS primarily by increasing the presynaptic release of catecholamine neurotransmitters (e.g., norepinephrine). Conversely, other compounds may inhibit the synapse by directly decreasing the amount of transmitter released during each action potential. An example is botulinum toxin (Botox), which can be used as a skeletal muscle relaxant because of its ability to impair the release of acetylcholine from the skeletal neuromuscular junction (see Chapter 13). 

This chapter deals with botulinum toxin type A (BOTOX) in the treatment of strabismus, blepharospasm, and related disorders. Botulinum toxin type A (BOTOX) has been used to treat strabismus, blepharospasm, Meige s syndrome, and spasmodic torticollis. By preventing acetylcholine release at me neuromuscular junction, botulinum toxin A usually causes a temporary paralysis of the locally injected muscles. The variability in duration of paralysis may be related to me rate of developing antibodies to me toxin, upregulation of nicotinic cholinergic postsynaptic receptors, and aberrant regeneration of motor nerve fibers at me neuromuscular junction. Complications related to this toxin include double vision (diplopia) and lid droop (ptosis). 

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