Botanical development

Artemisia annua grows wild in northern Europe. Commercial scale cultivation is being studied by European companies looking at germplasm, agronomy, and requirements for harvesting, processing, and delivery (Botanical Developments, 2006). 

National Institute of Agricultural Botany (NIAB), Botanical Developments Ltd. (2006) Field Cultivation of Artemisia annua in the UK and Enhanced Extraction of Artemisisin Used in Novel Anti-malarial Treatment. National Non-Food Crops Centre. Available via http //www. nnfcc.co.iik. Cited 7 Jan 2008... 

Since the acetal exists in equiUbtium with the aldehyde, it is possible for the aldehyde to be released when water is added in a mixed drink, changing the balance and giving a burst of freshness to a mixed drink. Ethyl esters of terpene alcohols in citms oils and other botanicals, plus the ethyl esters of fatty and volatile acids, are formed during prolonged exposure to ethyl alcohol. Certain beverage alcohol products that need to contain milk, eggs, or other protein containing materials must be developed carefully and the added flavors must be considered to prevent the precipitation of the protein and separation of the product. 

It is over three centuries since cinchona bark came into use in European medicine, and no other natural drug has had so much written about it. There are the stories, sometimes legendary, of its discovery by Europeans, vigorous early discussions of its therapeutic value, the destruction of the S. American cinchona trees to meet the demand for bark, the labours of botanical explorers in collecting seed for the formation of plantations, the establishment and development of these plantations in Ceylon, India and Java, the competition between them, the gradual emergence of Java as the world s most important source of supply of cinchona bark, and the development of the manufacture of quinine sulphate in Europe, the United States and the Tropics. ... 

This clearly overstates the potential of demographic study to provide a mechanistic understanding of plant responses to environments and, if implemented, would lead to unnecessary delay in the development of generalising principles. The remainder of this chapter is founded on the assumption that the most direct route to a coherent predictive theory of plant responses to stress is likely to involve a synthesis of insights derived from plant population biology, ecophysiology, and many other fields of botanical endeavour. 

Goss, J.A. (1968). Development, physiology and biochemistry of corn and wheat pollen. Botanical Reviews, 34, 333-58. 

The Amazon rubber industry collapsed almost overnight. In 1876 the English botanist Henry Wickham shipped 70,000 Hevea seeds to the Royal Botanic Gardens in London. New strains of Hevea were developed that produced three to four times as much mbber and were more disease-resistant than their wild Amazonian cousins. Soon, seedlings were sent to Malaya, Java, and other islands of the East Indies. Thirty-five years later, rubber plantations on these islands took control of the industry. 

In the past decade, new sample extraction techniques have been introduced to meet stricter criteria in the areas of food and agriculture, for example, enviromnentally friendly, non-toxic, fast, automated, robust, and cost-efficient techniques. Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PEE) are two methods developed for the extraction of chemicals of interest " and provide high yields and efficiency from a wide range of botanical, - animal, and biological samples. ASE and PLE combine solvents at elevated temperatures (40 to 200°C)... 

For pharmaceutical purposes, oue of the maiu problems will be to defiue the botanical origin of the different olibanum resins. Up to now, there are no scientifically current pharmaceutical monographs on olibanum, and pharmaceutical companies that want to develop new medicinal products have an urgent need of analytical methods for the botanical identihcation and quality assurance of the resins. Attempts had been made by Hahn-Deinstrop et al. [2]. 

Becker DA, Gills TE (1995) Recent developments in NIST botanical SRMs. Fresenius J Anal Chem 352 163-165. 

For commercial purposes, the varieties developed through breeding and cultivation are more important than the species of Theobroma. These varieties are often classified into three or four broad categories Criollo, Forastero, Trinitario, and Nacional. This segregation is not based on botanical purposes, but on the sharp distinction in the kind of flavor and color they exhibit in the manufacturing process. 

The authors wish to thank O. Schmitz and G. Boison (Botanical institute, University of Cologne) for the cooperation in the development of a similar screening system for cyanobacteria. 

Before coming to Paris as a young man, Dumas studied in Geneva under the botanist Augustin P. de Candolle, who had published a botanical classification based on the concept of "type" in 1813. One of Dumas s good friends in Paris was the biologist Henry Milne Edwards, who developed a type theory... 

Is the BCS that was developed with reference to chemically characterized and well-defined synthetic drug substances relevant for application and or adoption to botanical preparations (8) If one assumes, as is reasonable, that bioavailability of the active component(s) in a botanical dosage form depends on both solubility and permeability, the solubility of the botanical extract could be controlled through appropriate formulation technology and dissolution testing. The applicability of the BCS to botanical preparations will certainly be increasingly researched, debated, and discussed in the coming years. 

The pharmaceuticals segment (SIC 283) consists of some 1,225 corporations whose primary business is the development, manufacturing, and marketing of medicinal chemicals and botanicals in vitro and other diagnostic substances to diagnose or monitor the state of human or veterinary health bacterial and virus vaccines. 

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