Bone polish

FIGURE 79 Bone carving. A seventh-century b.c.e. decorative carving on bone that was inlayed in wood, Tel Malhata, Israel. Bone has been crafted into practical and decorative objects since the dawn of time. Bone carvings hold great detail, and the surface polish that can be achieved is high. Many bone-made objects have survived, partly because it was widely used, but also because buried bone is generally well preserved in many types of soil. 

D. Boning, D. Ouma, and J. Chung, Extraction of Planarization Length and Response Function in Chemical-Mechanical Polishing, Materials Research Society 1998 Spring Meeting, San Francisco, CA, May 1998. 

D. Ouma, B. Stine, R. Divecha, D. Boning, J. Chung, G. Shinn, I. Ali, and J. Clark, Wafer-Scale Modeling of Pattern Effect in Oxide Chemical Mechanical Polishing, Proc. SPIE Microelectronic Man. Conf., Austin, TX, Oct. 1997. 

T. Park, T. Tugbawa, D. Boning, J. Chung, S. Hymes, R. Muralidhar, B. Wilks, K. Smekalin, and G. Bersuker, Electrical Characterization of Copper Chemical Mechanical Polishing, Proc. CMP-MIC, Santa Clara, CA, Feb. 1999,... 

T. H. Smith, S. J. Fang, D. S. Boning, G. B. Shinn, and J. A. Stefani, A CMP Model Combining Density and Time Dependencies, Chemical Mechanical Polish for ULSI Multilevel Interconnection Conference (CMP-MIC), pp. 97-104, Santa Clara, Feb. 1999. 

B. Stine, D. Boning, J. Chung, L. Camilletti, F. Kruppa, E. Equi, W. Loh, S. Prasad, M. Muthukrishnan, D. Towery, M. Berman, and A. Kapoor, The Physical and Electrical Effects of Metal Fill Pattern Practices for Oxide Chemical Mechanical Polishing Processes, IEEE Ti ans. Electr. Dev., Feb 1998. 

The dust from mollusk shells can also provoke occupational allergies. Inhalation of mollusk shell dust in a nacre button factory was associated with h)q)ersensitivity pneumonitis (Orriols et ah, 1990, 1997). A similar case was identified in Korea (Kim et ah, 1982). Several Japanese investigators have described occupational asthma occurring among workers who culture oysters (Nakashima, 1969 Wada et ah, 1967). Exposure to dust from mofher-of-pearl in a souvenir maker (Tas, 1972) and fo cuttlefish bones in a jewelry polisher (Beltrami et ah, 1989) was linked to occupational asthma. 

Indeed, one can unearth in excavations west of the Birkenau camp ashes and bone splinters (whether from humans or cattle remains open) to the depth of several decimeters, intensively mixed with all kinds of refuse (glass and porcelain shards, slag, bits of iron, etc.). Apparently this place served as a rubbish heap for the camp under German administration and/or after the war under Polish administration. 

For PIGE measurements, transverse bone sections are cut with a diamond saw and polished with SiC paper, and then placed directly in front of the external proton beam. It is not necessary to coat the sample surface with a conductive layer as the charges are dissipated in air and helium. Step width of the concentration profiles is determined by precisely recorded sample translation in front of the beam. The above experimental conditions were used for F analysis in archaeological bone materials in the applications described in this chapter. 

Lee B, Gan T, Boning D, Hester P, Poduje N, Baylies W. Nanotopography effects on chemical mechanical polishing for shallow trench isolation. Proceedings of IEEE/ SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference 2000. p 425-432. 

Tang BD, Xie X, Boning DS. Damascene chemical-mechanical polishing characterization and modeling for polysilicon microelectromechanical system structures. J Electrochem Soc 2005 152(7)G582-G587. 

In 7000 BC, around the area today called Denmark, man already knew how to cut and polish amber. Using a piece of bone or a stone he could chip it into shape, and polish it up with a bit of leather or fiir. He made talismans, engraved simple patterns on them and bored a hole at one end so that they could be worn on a string of some sort. 

Bone does not take as good a polish as ivory. 

Bone can take a hi polish after carving or other work. 

On a polished, smooth surface of bone, the Haversian canals ccm be seen. In cross-section these appear as tiny dark dots, while in longitudinal section they show up as straight, thin, dark lines. These ate unique to bone (Figs 4.2 and 4.3). 

Bone seldom takes as high a. polish as ivory and therefore usually lacks the sill feel of ivory. 

The use of a lathe for bone was a Roman innovation. As well as using it to make turned objects, the Romans used bone to make hairpins, games, combs, spoons and some jewellery such as pendants. It was also used to adorn furniture. It was sometimes stained and coloured, and was polished with beeswax. The Romans in Europe used mostly cattle bone, but antler was also popular and today it is very difGcult to distinguish from which of the two materials any given piece was made. 

Under magnification the polished surface of ander shows a more mottled appearance with lots of tiny, dark spots, and it lacks the strai t, dark lines of the Haversian canals in bone. In cross-secdon ander lacks the small, black dots of these canals. 

Jazrawi LM, Della Valle CJ, Kummer FJ, Adler EM, Di Cesare PE. Catastrophic failure of a cemented, collarless, polished, tapered cobalt-chromium femoral stem used with impaction bone-grafting. A report of two cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1999 81(6) 844-7. 

Calcium Calcium is an essential element for humans, especially in maintaining healthy bones and teeth. Calcium is found widely in nature, mainly combined with carbon and oxygen in calcium carbonate. This compound is the main ingredient in rocks such as limestone, chalk, and marble. Coral reefs build up from calcium carbonate exoskeletons that are created by marine animals called corals. Calcium carbonate is used in antacid tablets and as an abrasive in toothpaste. An abrasive is a hard material used to polish, smooth, or grind a softer material. Emery boards and sandpaper are examples of abrasive materials. 

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