Bone marrow fractionation

Recently, a lectin made from purified elderberry (Sambucus nigra) has been used in the fractionation of normal bone marrow cells. Fractionation minimizes the effects of radiation on normal tissue. This work has been carried out by Dr. Madeleine Mumcuoglu, who patented the elderberry flu formulas, as well as doctors Daphna Manor and Shimon Slavin. There is hope that elderberry contains properties that may have potential in improving the success of bone marrow transplants. 

X 11 X 20) mm. (a) Cross-section of the human lower leg of a volunteer. Two volume elements in musculature and one voxel inside the tibial bone marrow are indicated, (b) Spectrum recorded from the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle shows low lipid content of approximately 1% volume fraction, (c) Spectrum from the soleus (SOL) muscle indicates higher lipid content than in TA. (d) Spectrum from yellow bone marrow with dominating signal from fatty acids in triglycerides. 

Fig. 14. Typical signals of triglycerides in a proton spectrum, (a) Structure of a triglyceride with three different fatty acids (one saturated, two unsaturated). Different positions of protons in the molecule are indicated, resulting in different chemical shifts in the spectrum, (b) Characteristic signal pattern of triglycerides (or fatty acids) in a spectrum from yellow fatty bone marrow of the tibia, containing triglycerides in the adipocytes with more than 90% volume fraction. The spectrum was recorded with TE = 50 ms by a PRESS sequence.

Thus far, the most important bone marrow sub-types utilized for cardiac repair have been MSCs, EPCs, or, alternatively, the whole ABMMNC fraction. Newly described bone marrow cell subtypes with therapeutic potential are discussed below. 

Endothelial progenitor cells can be isolated from the mononuclear fraction of the bone marrow or peripheral blood, as well as from fetal liver or umbilical cord blood [12, 23, 66, 67], Heterologous,... 

Most of the clinical experience gained with stem cells has involved therapy for AMI, particularly intracoronary infusion of bone marrow cells since skeletal myoblasts are too large for this purpose [133]. Table 7.2 summarizes the experience to date. In all of these trials, revascularization was performed promptly after the index myocardial infarction, and left ventricular systolic compromise was minor (in the BOOST trial, the baseline left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] was 50%). 

Nevertheless, immunotoxins may be useful for purging cancer cells in bone marrow aspirate isolated from patients undergoing autologous bone marrow transplantation [29,30]. When no suitable bone marrow donor is available, the patients own marrow cells are collected for repopulation of immune cells after radiation and chemotherapy. The small fraction of leukemic cells in autologous bone marrow cells can be removed with immunotoxins before they are reintroduced to the patient for restoring their immune system. Because this procedure... 

From the expression for the total detriment given above and the data in Table 3.2, the following observations can be made. For cancers that are nearly always fatal (e.g., leukemia from irradiation of bone marrow), the total detriment is determined essentially by the probability of a fatal cancer, absent consideration of the relative length of life lost (fJl), and the contribution from weighted nonfatal cancers is insignificant. For cancers that are rarely fatal (e.g., skin or thyroid cancers), the total detriment exceeds the probability of a fatal cancer by no more than a factor of two, based on the assumption that nonfatal cancers should be weighted by the lethality fraction (k). In general, if the lethality fraction is less than about 0.1, the total detriment essentially is twice the probability of a fatal cancer, independent of the lethality fraction. 

Abbreviations BM-MNC, bone marrow mononuclear cell CABO, coronary artery bypass grafting CPC, circulating progenitor cells LV. left ventricle LVED. left ventricular end-diastolic diameter LVEDV, left ventricular end-diastolic volume LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction NYHA, New York Heart Association SKMB, skeletal myoblast. 

Abbreviations AMI. acute myocardial infarction BM-MNC. bone marrow mononuclear cell LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction SEM. standard error of mean TOPCARE-AMI, transplantation of progenitor cells and regeneration enhancement in acute myocardial infarction MX. mesenchymal stem cell. 

Another important assumption from the lectin binding studies was that hemopoietic stem cells in the mouse may carry receptors for both peanut agglutinin and soybean agglutinin. Evidence in support of this assumption was obtained when, with the aid of peanut agglutinin and soybean agglutinin a cell fraction was isolated from mouse bone marrow and spleen, which was enriched with hemopoietic stem cells and depleted of "graft-versus-host" activity. Furthermore, such a cell fraction could be used for successful reconstruction of irradiated allogeneic mice (3SH. ... 

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