Lipoprotein blood serum

Kulikova, N.I. (1967). On the blood serum lipoproteins of fish (In Russian). In Metabolism and Biochemistry of Fish , pp. 292-296. Nauka, Moscow. 

The enzymes responsible for the detrimental effects of lipolysis are of two main types those indigenous to milk, and those of microbial origin. The major indigenous milk enzyme is lipoprotein lipase. It is active on the fat in natural milk fat globules only after their disruption by physical treatments or if certain blood serum lipoproteins are present. The major microbial lipases are produced by psychrotrophic bacteria. Many of these enzymes are heat stable and are particularly significant in stored products. 

Early research on lipolytic enzymes in cows milk suggested that at least two major lipases were present a plasma lipase in the skim portion and a membrane lipase associated with the milk fat globule membrane (Tarassuk and Frankel, 1957) while later research indicated that there might be up to six different molecular species with lipase activity (Downey and Andrews, 1969). However, work by Korn (1962) showed that milk contained a lipoprotein lipase (EC 3.1.1.34) (LPL) with properties very similar to those of post-heparin plasma, adipose tissue and heart LPLs, particularly the enhancement of its activity on emulsified triglycerides by blood serum lipoproteins. It is now accepted that LPL is the major, if not the only, lipase in cows milk. Its properties have been reviewed by Olivecrona et al. (2003). 

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) A lipase enzyme splits fats into glycerol and free fatty acids. This enzyme is found mainly in the plasma in association with casein micelles. The milk-fat is protected from its action by the FGM. If the FGM has been damaged, or if certain cofactors (blood serum lipoproteins) are present, the LPL is able to attack the lipoproteins of the FGM. Lipolysis may be... 

Lipoproteins Upids Fibrin in blood, serum lipoproteins... 

Atherosclerosis is a degenerative disease which is characterized by cholesterol-containing thickening of arterial walls. Saturated fatty acids, high levels of cholesterol, elevated blood pressure, and elevated serum lipoprotein are well-knowm risk... 

LIPOPROTEINS. Blood plasma lipoproteins are prominent examples of the class of proteins conjugated with lipid. The plasma lipoproteins function primarily in the transport of lipids to sites of active membrane synthesis. Serum levels of low density lipoproteins (LDLs) are often used as a clinical index of susceptibility to vascular disease. 

Sample Collection and Enzyme Stability. Serum samples are collected with chemically clean, sterile glassware. Blood is allowed to clot at room temperature, the clot is gently separated from the test tube with an applicator stick, and the blood is centrifuged for 10 minutes at 1,000 g. If the red cells are known to contain the enzymes whose activity is being measured, as in the case of LD, even slightly hemolyzed serums must be discarded. When acid phosphatase is to be measured, the serum should be placed immediately in ice and processed as soon as possible, or it should be acidified by the addition of a small amount of sodium citrate. Anticoagulants such as EDTA, fluoride and oxalate inhibit some serum enzymes. However, heparin activates serum lipoprotein lipase. 

Total cholesterol greater than 240 mg/dL (6.22 mmol/L) High-density lipoprotein less than 40 mg/dL (1.04 mmol/L) Triglycerides greater than 200 mg/dL (2.26 mmol/L) Fasting blood serum or plasma glucose... 

Despite the feasibility of using cultured RPE cells for studies similar to those performed using Caco-2 cells, the role of the RPE in carotenoid uptake and dynamic regulation has only just begun to be investigated. As carotenoids are carried in blood by lipoproteins, lipoprotein-rich serum seems to be the most appropriate vehicle for carotenoid delivery to cultured RPE cells. Indeed, recent studies comparing carotenoid delivery from fetal calf serum and from organic solvents showed that delivery in the presence of serum was superior to tetrahydrofuran (Shafaa et al., 2007). 

Washburn, S., Burke, G.L., Morgan, T. and Antony, M. (1999). Effect of soy protein supplementation on serum lipoproteins, blood pressure, and menopausal symptoms in perimenopausal women. Menopause, 6, 7-13. 

Lipoproteins, especially chylomicrons, are at an elevated level in the blood after eating, especially after high-fat meals, and give blood serum a milky appearance. They are also elevated during or after tension (so-called... 

A more complex case is the serum lipoprotein (74), shown in Figure 13. When sonicated into water, total lipids from both the low density (/ ) and high density (a) lipoproteins give rise to the high resolution spectra expected of molecules which have a high degree of motion. The spectra of the native lipoproteins show line widths nearly identical to those of the lipids alone, so that no additional motional constraints of the apolar portions of the phospholipids occur when the lipids are bound to the apoproteins of the blood lipoproteins. All the obvious peaks observed in the native lipoproteins can be accounted for by lipid protons, and no upheld shift of the methylene protons occurs. We can conclude that unlike the case of the lysolecithin-serum albumin system, the bonding of lipids to proteins is not apolar. In the serum lipoproteins the NMR results are consistent with a micellar structure and not with extensive apolar association of lipid with protein. 

A typical full workup of major components of blood serum on a hospital analyzer reports about 20 concentrations, among them protein (both the total amount and some major subcategories such as albumin), cholesterol and several related quantities (triglycerides, high- and low-density lipoproteins), glucose, bilirubin, and several ions. Many of these, as will be discussed below, have sufficiently strong Raman signatures that they can be detected in a Raman spectrum acquired on the scale of a minute. 

Figure 3.9 UV-detected (280 nm) chromatogram of lipoproteins separated from whole blood serum. The points indicated as T to 8 , show where the flow was stopped so that H NMR spectra could be acquired...

Figure 6.10 Binding of toxicants to blood proteins (a) Double-reciprocal plot of binding of rat serum lipoprotein fraction with four insecticides. Insert illustrates magnitude of differences in slope with Scatchard plot, (b) Scatchard plot of binding of salicylate to human serum proteins. (Sources (a) Skalsky and Guthrie, Pest. Biochem. Physiol. 7 289, 1977 (b) Moran and Walker, Biochem. Pharmacol. 17 153, 1968.)...

Paran, E. and Engelhard, Y. 2001. Effect of Lyc-O-Mato, standardized tomato extract on blood pressure, serum lipoproteins, plasma homocysteine and oxidative stress markers in grade 1 hypertensive patients. In Proceedings of the 16th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Society of Hypertension , San Francisco, USA. 

Unlike milk LPL, microbial lipases do not require a fatty acid acceptor such as BSA (Bengtsson and Olivecrona, 1980). Blood serum has been found to activate some of these enzymes (Fitz-Gerald and Deeth, 1983), including P. fluorescens lipases, and these have, consequently, been designated lipoprotein lipases (Aisaka and Tarada, 1979 Stepaniak and Sorhaug, 1989). 

Sundheim, G., Zimmer, T.-L., Astrup, H.N. 1983. Induction of milk lipolysis by lipoprotein components of bovine blood serum. J. Dairy Sci. 66, 400-406. 

Affinity chromatography Has a wide number of uses and can be applied to the isolation and purification of virtually all biomolecules. Specific applications include nucleic acid purification, protein purification from cell and tissues extracts, and antibody purification from blood serum. There are a number of matrices used for the construct, and some examples of these and their uses are as follows heparin columns to separate cholesterol lipoproteins, lectin columns to separate carbohydrate groups, and phenyl boronate columns to separate glycated haemoglobins. 

Phospholipids also form complexes with proteins (e.g., vitellin in egg yoUc, animal and plant tissues, lipoproteins in blood serum, and milk), carbohydrates, glycosides, alkaloids, minerals, enzymes, cholesterol, and other substances. Lysophospholipids represent a special class of compounds resulting from the chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis of phospholipids. The role of phospholipases in normal and pathological conditions as well as in cell metabolism is of great biological significance (4). 

The interaction of amphotericin with serum lipoproteins (6) suggests that manipulations of blood lipids and blood lipoproteins might affect the pharmacokinetics of amphotericin, and therefore also alter its activity, including toxic effects, as suggested in animal studies (17). 

Figure 2. A negative correlation between lipoprotein lipase activity in epididymal fat tissue and triglyceride concentration in blood serum of conrtol male guinea pigs (0.5% i.-ascorbic acid in diet) and in guinea pigs with a marginal vitamin C deficiency (0.5 mg of i.-ascorbic acidjanimaljd). Equation of the...

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