Sulfur mustard blisters

Chapter 1 Blister Agents DISTILLED SULFUR MUSTARD - HD... 

Chapter One Blister Agents SULFUR MUSTARD MIXTURE - HT... 

Vesicants/blister agents sulfur mustard, lewisite, nitrogen mustard, mustard lewisite, and phosgene oxime. 

Skin erythema and blistering watery, swollen eyes upper airways sloughing with pulmonary edema metabolic failure neutropenia and sepsis (especially sulfur mustard, late in course). 

Delayed-acting chemical Sulfur mustard Blistering, redness, swelling 2 to 24 hours... 

Blister agents, which cause burns on the skin such as sulfur mustard gas, l,l -thiobis[2-chloroethane] (HD), and lewisite, (2-chloroethenyl) arsenous dichloride (L). 

Blister Agents Sulfur Mustard Agent H / HD and Sulfur Mustard Agent HT ToxFAQs." April... 

Dermal (skin) contact with sulfur mustard agents causes erythema and lesions (blistering), while contact with vapor may result in first and second degree burns contact with liquid typically produces second and third degree chemical burns. Any burn area covering 25 percent or more of the body surface area may be fatal. Respiratory contact is a dose-related factor in the sense that inflammatory reactions in the upper and lower airway begin to develop several hours after exposure and progress over several days. 

Sulfur mustard Ethylene chlorohydrin. Sodium sulfide monohydrate. Hydrochloric acid Blister agent... 

Sulfur mustard Ethylene gas. Sulfur dichloride. Methylene chloride. Activated charcoal Blister agent... 

Sulfur mustards (designated H [mustard], HD [distilled mustard], and HT [HD and T mixture]) do not present acute lethal hazards. Their principal effect is severe blistering of the skin and mucous membranes. Epidemiological evidence indicates a causal relationship between exposure to mustard agent at high concentrations and the development of chronic nonreversible respiratory disorders, such as chronic bronchitis and asthma, and ocular diseases, such as delayed recurrent keratitis and prolonged, intractable conjunctivitis (IOM, 1993). Sulfur mustard has been classified as a known human carcinogen based on evidence of in-... 

Sulfur mustard is a known human carcinogen, and some of its degradation products may also be carcinogenic (IOM, 1993). Sulfur mustard acts as a vesicant or blister agent and shows acute systemic toxicity in addition to its effects on skin, eyes, and the respiratory tract. 

Jakubowski et al. (13) were able to monitor the excretion of TDG in a subject accidentally exposed to sulfur mustard in a laboratory. The casualty developed blisters on hands and arms (< 1% of body area) and erythema on his face and neck (< 5 % of body area). Urine was collected over a 10-day period. A maximum excretion rate of TDG of 20 ug per day was observed between days 3 and 4, the highest concentration being 65 ng/ml. It was noted that the total amount of urine produced for analysis during the first three days was low. Concentrations >10 ng/ml were detected in urine for 7 days after the exposure. The half-life of excretion was estimated as 1.18 days. The total amount of TDG excreted over the 10-day period was 243 ug. There was mass spectrometric evidence of oligomers of TDG (e.g. 

Facility H sulfur mustard, a blister agent, also... 

The final type of chemical toxicity that will be presented are the vesicants, chemicals that cause blisters on the skin. There are two classes of blisters that implicate different mechanisms of vesication. Intraepidermal blisters are usually formed due to the loss of intercellular attachment caused by cytotoxicity or cell death. The second class occurs within the epidermal-dermal junction (EDJ) due to chemical-induced defects in the basement membrane components. The classic chemical associated with EDJ blisters is the chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard (bis-2-chloroethyl sulfide HD). HD is a bifunctional alkylating agent that is highly reactive with many biological macromolecules, especially those containing nucleophilic groups such as DNA and proteins. 

For children exposed to vesicants (blister agents, such as sulfur mustard), the skin is washed with a soap and water solution (Lynch Thomas, 2004). An... 

Blister/vesicant exposure is treated primarily as a thermal burn. Sulfur mustard decontamination is limited to immediate washing of exposed skin with water or soap and water, and flushing the eyes with copious amounts of water. Avoid 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution or vigorous scrubbing as they may cause deeper tissue penetration. Typical burn therapy is accomplished with antibiotic ointment, sterile dressing, and other supportive... 

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