Blister formation

A consequence of ion migration is electrolytic blister formation. In the case of anodic blisters the coated surface shows pitting, whereas in the case of cathodic blisters there is no change in the metal surface or there is merely the formation of thin oxide layers with annealing color. 

The action of platinum microelectrodes has been extensively studied Trials carried out by Peplow have shown that lead/ platinum bi-electrodes can be used in high velocity seawater at current densities up to 2 000 Am and that blister formation with corrosion under the blisters is decreased by the presence of platinum microelectrodes. The current density range in which the anode is normally operated is 200-750 Am with the maximum working current density quoted as 1 000 Am The consumption rate of theje anodes ranged from 0-0014 kg A y at 500Am , but increased to 0-003 kg... 

These morphological changes (hill and blister formation) were attributed to the intercalation of solvated lithium ion into graphite interlayers and to the accumulation of its decomposition products (some of them gases), respectively. On the other hand, rapid exfoliation and rupturing of graphite layers were observed in ImolL-1... 

Mastocytomas and diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis are further manifestations of cutaneous mastocytosis (CM) [9]. Solitary mastocytomas are common in children. Most are present at birth or develop in infancy. These lesions are flat or mildly elevated, well demarcated, solitary yellowish red-brown plaques or nodules, typically 2-5 cm in diameter. Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis is a rare disorder characterized by diffuse mast cell infiltration of large areas of the skin that presents in infants in the first year of life. Severe edema and leathery indurations of the skin leads to accentuation of skin folds (pseudo-lichenified skin) and a peau-dbrange-like appearance. Systemic complications include hypotension and gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Infants and young children with considerable mast cell infiltration of the skin sometimes exhibit blister formation in the first 3 years of life. MPCM and other forms of CM have been classified in a consensus nomenclature (table 1) [10]. 

Pseudoporphyria Skin fragility, blister formation in photodistribution Absent Tetracycline, furo-semide, naproxen Supportive0... 

P. J. Frosch and A. M. Kligman. Rapid blister formation in human skin with ammonium hydroxide. Bn J. Dermatol. 96 461 —473 (1977). 

Dermal/Ocular Effects. Adverse dermal effects occur in humans following topical exposure of relatively high concentrations of 1,2-dibromoethane. These effects consist of inflammation, blister formation, and necrosis (Letz et al. 1984 Pfiesser 1938). Effects were most severe when... 

This means that the time for flow-out of the powder becomes shorter with increasing functionality of the crosslinker, with respect to the total cycle time required for reaching satisfactory film properties (mechanical, chemical. Fig. 20, step D). The reduced flow-phase time results in a poorer film surface quality. Moreover, when volatiles are set free as a result of the crosslinking reaction, in this case water, they will cause blister formation after the gel-point. Blister for-... 

Figure 38. Blister formation in a hydrogenated amorphous Si Film deposited by plasma CVD.

Workers exposed to the vapor and/or liquid complained of dermatitis with itching, swelling, and blister formation. Skin sensitization has occurred cross sensitization probably can occur with other epoxy agents. ... 

In the only report involving human exposure, the liquid applied to the forearm for 1 hour and the thigh for 5 hours caused erythema, hyperemia, inflammation, and pigmentation. The volunteers experienced burning and itching at the site of application, and some blister formation occurred with the 5-hour exposures. 

Blister-A cavity deforming the surface of a material usually due to expansion of an entrapped liquid or gas. Permeation failures of tank linings in service is sometimes evidenced by blister formation. 

Thus, in alkyd, polyester, and epoxy coatings applied to CRS, phosphatized steel, and aluminum, the use of ZAs APG (aminofunctional) and CPG (carboxy-functional) has allowed for the virtual elimination of blister formation and corrosion after 300 h of salt fog exposure. The use of multifunctional ZAs in a Kraton base adhesive has allowed for a 52% increase in T-peel strength on EPDM rubber when compared with the same adhesive containing aminofunctional silane. Incorporation of mercaptofunctional ZA into crosslinkable elastomers has... 

Uses As a mild alkali accelerator in developers of moderate to high alkalinity. Used to avoid the creation of gas when it comes in contact with an acid. For this reason the possibility of blister formation is minimized. 

Hydrogen blistering blister formation, originating at nonmetallic inclusions. 

A systematic characterization of animal models including the euthymic hairless guinea pig (HOP), weanling pig (WP), the mouse ear vesicant model (MEVM), and the hairless mouse (HM) showed that SM induced subepidermal blister formation and epidermal cell death in all models tested (Smith et al, 1997a). Hairless mice are useful models of... 

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