Bleuler

E. Bleuler and G. J. Goldsmith, Experimental Nucleonics, Holt, Reinhart and Wiaston, Inc., New York, 1952. 

Note that in the Lorentz gauge we have to adopt the Gupta-Bleuler quantization scheme, with its indefinite metric in a vector space that contains, in addition to the physically realizable states, unphysical... 

Autism (Pervasive Development Disorder). The association between schizophrenia and autism is of particular historic significance. Bleuler, who coined the term schizophrenia, included autism as one of his four As among the symptoms of schizophrenia, the others being affect, ambivalence, and association. By autism, Bleuler meant the indifference to and separation from normal social interaction that is characteristic of schizophrenia. 

It is interesting to note that one of the founders of modern psychiatry, Kraepelin, listed only nine substances that were available for the treatment of psychiatric illness in the 1890s. These were opium, morphine, scopolamine, hashish, chloral hydrate, a barbiturate, alcohol, chloroform and various bromides. Later Bleuler, another founder of modern psychiatry, added paraldehyde and sodium barbitone to the list. Thus psychopharmacology is a very recent area of medicine which largely arose from the chance discovery of chlorpromazine by Delay and Deniker in France in 1952, and of imipramine by Kuhn in Switzerland in 1957. 

Mineral standards were hand crushed to -1/4 inch, then ground to a fine powder in a ball mill (alumina elements) or Bleuler Model 526/LFS678 puck mill. The resultant powder was aerodynamically classified in a Bahco Model 6000 micro particle classifier and the finest fraction ( 18 throttle) was collected. A size criterion of 90% or more by weight of particles 5 micron and smaller in diameter was used for the mineral standards. Sizes were verified by Coulter Counter. Duplicate 13 mm KBr pellets were prepared and the spectra were weight-scaled by techniques similar to those reported by Painter (3) and Elliot (4). With one exception, all the mineral standard spectra were averages of spectra from duplicate pellets. The one exception was the iron sulfate spectrum, which was obtained as the difference spectrum by subtracting the spectrum of HCl-washed weathered pyrite from that of the weathered pyrite. A weight correction was applied to the difference spectrum. 

Bleuler, Eugen. Vortrag iiber Ambivalenz. Zentralblatt fur Psychoanalyse i (1910). 

Bleuler, E. (1911) Dementia praecox oder die Gruppe der Schizo-phrenien. In Aschaffenburg, G. ed. Handbuch der Psychiatrie, special part, section 4. Leipzig Deuticke, pp. 1 20. 

Because of the brain s complexity, physicians and researchers have not made as much progress as they would like in efforts to understand disorders such as depression and schizophrenia. Scientists have been studying schizophrenia and related illnesses since before Bleuler s time, but as yet no one knows what causes schizophrenia. The symptoms of the disease usually make their initial appearance early in the patient s life. Since schizophrenia runs in families, there is a genetic component to the disease. It is possible that problems arise in the early stages of development, possibly due to faulty genes or perhaps in part due to exposure to environmental toxins, which fester imtil the disease arises in yoimg adulthood. 

The psychotic symptoms produced by LSD in healthy persons differ qualitatively and quantitatively from the symptoms typical of schizophrenia (Bleuler, 1956). Thus, the hallucinations experienced by schizophrenic patients are predominantly acoustic in nature, whereas LSD mainly gives rise to visual phenomena. 

Schizophrenia designates a group of mental disorders rather than a uniform disease. Eugen Bleuler (1911), who coined the term schizophrenia, disputed the then current Kraepelinian concept of dementia praecox because he had recognized that the disorders in question could have very different courses and outcomes. Specifically, not all patients with schizophrenic psychoses ended up in dementia praecox, i.e. with a premature loss of their mind. Carpenter and Buchanan (1994) suggested that the clinical manifestations of schizophrenia could be grouped into three relatively separate core domains of psychopathology (the three-compartment model of schizophrenia) ... 

Bleuler, E. Dementia praecox oiler Gruppe tier Schizophrenia. Deuticke, Leipzig, 1911. 

Bleuler, E. Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie. Springer, Berlin 1916 (15th Ed 1983). 

Bleuler, M. Psychiatrische Intumer in der Serotonin-Forschung. Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 81, 1078-1081, 1956. 

In contrast to Kraepelin, who emphasized the progressive course and poor outcome, the Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler ( 6) used a much broader concept of schizophrenia. Focusing on the thought disorder and the inconsistent, inappropriate, and disorganized affect, he identified four fundamental symptoms ... 

Bleuler E. Dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias. Zinkin J, trans. New York International Universities Press, 1950. 

Bleuler M. The schizophrenic disorders long-term patient and family studies. Clemens S. trans. New Haven, CT Yale University Press, 1978. 

Time-like currents and flows do appear in the vacuum energy, if extended electrodynamic theory is utilized. For instance, in the received view, the Gupta-Bleuler method removes time-like photons and longitudinal photons. For disproof of the Gupta-Bleuler method, proof of the independent existence of such photons, and a short description of their characteristics, see Evans AIAS group papers on Whittaker s F and G fluxes and analysis of the EM entity in Ref. 24a to see how such entities produce ordinary EM fields and energy in vacuo, see Ref. 24b. 

Viewing psychosis as an indeterminate but potentially problem-solving process (rather than a disease process) is consistent with major trends in contemporary psychiatry (Bleuler, 1965 Searles, 1961). As indicated earlier, the effects of LSD on normal subjects has given impetus to the emerging concept of schizophrenia as an orderly, natural sequence of experience that should be permitted to run it course rather than suppressed, arrested, or obliterated. Representative of this trend, Kaplan (1964) describes the outcome of this process ... 

Bleuler, M. "Conceptions of Schizophrenia Within the Last Fifty Years and Today," International Journal of Psychiatry 1,... 

As we shall see, pioneers in the use of antipsychotic drugs almost uniformly cited deactivation as the main clinical effect of neuroleptics. Because of this, clinicians often referred to the neuroleptic effect as a chemical lobotomy (Haase, 1959). Bleuler (1978) observed that longterm neuroleptic use also often dampens the vitality and the initiative of the person (p. 301). He concluded, So we see that long-term maintenance with neuroleptics is fraught with some of the same disadvantages that are ascribed to lobotomies (p. 301). Chapter 5 will discuss permanent cognitive impairment and dementia from these drugs. 

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