Electrodynamic theory

Without the additional 3-symmetry condition, the resulting Whittaker 4-symmetry EM energy flow mechanism resolves the nagging problem of the source charge concept in classical electrodynamics theory. Quoting Sen [10] The connection between the field and its source has always been and still is the most difficult problem in classical and quantum mechanics. We give the solution to the problem of the source charge in classical electrodynamics. 

It appears that a permanent solution to the world energy problem, dramatic reduction of biospheric hydrocarbon combustion pollution, and eliminating the need for nuclear power plants (whose nuclear component is used only as a heater) could be readily accomplished by the scientific community [18]. However, to solve the energy problem, we must (1) update the century-old false notions in electrodynamic theory of how an electrical circuit is powered and (2) correct the classical electrodynamics model for numerous foundations flaws. 

Time-like currents and flows do appear in the vacuum energy, if extended electrodynamic theory is utilized. For instance, in the received view, the Gupta-Bleuler method removes time-like photons and longitudinal photons. For disproof of the Gupta-Bleuler method, proof of the independent existence of such photons, and a short description of their characteristics, see Evans AIAS group papers on Whittaker s F and G fluxes and analysis of the EM entity in Ref. 24a to see how such entities produce ordinary EM fields and energy in vacuo, see Ref. 24b. 

There are many foundations non sequiturs in classical electrodynamics that are sorely in need of correction we have pointed out only a few.45 The present energy crisis has occurred largely as a result of continuing to perpetuate these major flaws in electrodynamics theory, and continuing to build our electrical power systems in accord with the flawed theory. 

Consequently, our work and this novel process are rigorously justified in both theory and experiment, but the principles and phenomenology are still not incorporated in the classical electrodynamics theory utilized to design and produce electrical power systems. These principles are indeed included in the new 0(3) electrodynamics being developed by AIAS (Alpha Institute for Advanced Study)14 that extends the present U(l) electrodynamics model, as shown by some 100 scientific papers carried by the U.S. Department of Energy on one of its private scientific Websites in Advanced Electrodynamics, and by an increasing number of publications in leading journals such as Foundations of Physics, Physica Scripta, and Optik. 

A broken 3-space symmetry exists of a magnetic dipole [18] of a permanent magnet, well known in particle physics since 1957 but inexplicably not yet added into classical electrodynamics theory, wherein the broken symmetry of the magnetic dipole rigorously requires that the dipole continually absorb magnetic energy from the active vacuum in unusable form, and that the... 

The electrical conductivity of dilute emulsions can be treated by classical electrodynamic theory and the conductivity is given by... 

Abstract. The quantum electrodynamic theory of the nuclear recoil effect in atoms to all orders in aZ and to first order in m/M is considered. The complete aZ-dependence formulas for the relativistic recoil corrections to the atomic energy levels are derived in a simple way. The results of numerical calculations of the recoil effect to all orders in aZ are presented for hydrogenlike and lithiumlike atoms. These results are compared with analytical results obtained to lowest orders in aZ. It is shown that even for hydrogen the numerical calculations to all orders in aZ provide most precise theoretical predictions for the relativistic recoil correction of first order in m/M. 

For almost three decades, the S-2S two-photon transition in atomic hydrogen with its natural linewidth of only 1.3 Hz has inspired advances in high-resolution spectroscopy and optical frequency metrology. This resonance [the 1S-2S transition] has become a de facto optical frequency standard. More importantly, it is providing a cornerstone for the determination of fundamental constants and for stringent tests of quantum electrodynamic theory. In the future, it may unveil... 

Here, what said in Section 4.2 about time-dependent perturbations is worth recalling, trying to give a more detailed analysis. The best approach to treat problems characterized by the presence of a P(t) function is provided by the quantum electrodynamics theories, where P is described in terms of an expansion over normal modes of the dielectric polarization. This model can be simplified by considering only two terms, often called the fast and the slow contribution to P (the Pekar separation introduced in eq.(18) of Section 4.2) ... 

Rossetti and Brus" found, for pyrazine on silver, that the classical electrodynamic theory indeed agrees well with the measured decrease of lifetimes. However, at shorter distances the change in lifetime was much more gradual and did not follow the theory. Campion et and Whitmore et found, for the same molecule, that the classical theory worked agreeably all the way down to 0.5 nm away from the surface, where the lifetime has decreased by a factor of 1000 as compared to the lifetime of the isolated molecule. 

These three examples reflect various aspects of quantum electrodynamics theory. The electron anomalous magnetic moment follows from free-electron QED, the transition frequencies in hydrogen follow from bound-state QED, and, at least in principle, the relevant condensed matter theory follows from the equations of many-body QED. 

The anomalous contribution to the magnetic moment of an electron has been explained by the quantum electrodynamic theory. The additional contribution—the radiative correction —arises from the interaction of the electron-positron virtual pair emitted and absorbed by the real electron. A theoretical expression in terms of the fine structure constant a is... 

In this chapter, we studied the formation of silver nanoparticles in PMMA by ion implantation and optical density spectra associated with the SPR effect in the particles. Ion implantation into polymers carbonizes the surface layer irradiated. Based on the Mie classical electrodynamic theory, optical extinction spectra for silver nanoparticles in the polymeric or carbon environment, as well as for sheathed particles (silver core -l- carbon sheath) placed in PMMA, as a function of the implantation dose are simulated. The analytical and experimental spectra are in qualitative agreement. At low doses, simple monatomic silver particles are produced at higher doses, sheathed particles appear. The quantitative discrepancy between the experimental spectra and analytical spectra obtained in terms of the Mie theory is explained by the fact that the Mie theory disregards the charge static and dynamic redistributions at the particle-matrix interface. The influence of the charge redistribution on the experimental optical spectra taken from the silver-polymer composite at high doses, which cause the carbonization of the irradiated polymer, is discussed. Table 8.1, which summarizes available data for ion synthesis of MNPs in a polymeric matrix, and the references cited therein may be helpful in practice. 

The possibilities of Doppler-free two-photon spectroscopy for metrology and fundamental physics has been impressively demonstrated by precision measurements of the 1S-2S transition in atomic hydrogen [260-263]. Precise measurements of this one-photon forbidden transition with a very narrow natural linewidth of 1.3 Hz yield accurate values of fundamental constants and can provide stringent tests of quantum electrodynamic theory (Sect. 9.7). A comparison of the 1S-2S transition frequency with the 2S-3P frequency allows the precise determination of the Lamb shift of the 15 ground state [261], whereas the 2S Lamb shift was already measured long ago by the famous Lamb-Rutherford experiments where the RF transition between 25 1/2 and 2P /2 were observed. Because of the isotope shift the 15-25 transitions of and differ by... 

Of particular interest is the determination of the absolute frequency of the S 2S transition in the H-atom. This is a dipole-forbidden transition and can be excited by two-photon absorption. It has a very small line-width of about 0.3 Hz where the line center can be determined with high precision. It is important for fundamental physics because its accurate measurement allows a precise comparison with the results of the quantum-electrodynamic theory of the H-atom. 

Optical thin-fihn theory is essentially based on the Maxwell theory (1864) [8], which summarizes all the empirical knowledge on electromagnetic phenomena. Light propagation, absorption, reflection, and emission by a film can be explained based on the concept of the macroscopic dielectric function of the film material. In this section, we will present the results of the Maxwell theory relating to an infinite medium and introduce the nomenclature used in the following sections dealing with absorption and reflection phenomena in layered media. The basic assertions of macroscopic electrodynamic theory can be found in numerous textbooks (see, e.g.. Refs. [9-16]). 

The calculation of the rate of spontaneous anission from quantum electrodynamical theory is a rather complicated problem. We wiU use instead a treatment based on statistical equilibrium, originally derived by Einslein. We assume that the number of molecules in the ground state is Nq and in the excited state N,. For simplicity, we assume that both states are nondegenerate. The Boltzmann distribution ratio at equilibrium is equal to... 

On the other hand, Forster showed a lot of insight by including the factor n in the denominator. This factor is not included in our derivation. It depends on the polarizability of the medium, since n is the refractive index. In our derivation, we have not accounted for the fact that there are a number of other electrous present that are not excited. In electrodynamics theory, these electrons are approximately taken into account by the factor of n 2 in the denominator. 

As mentioned in the introduction to Parts A and B, new experimental methods have enriched and advanced the field of atomic spectroscopy to such a degree that it serves not only as a source of atomic structure data but also as a test ground for fundamental atomic theories based upon the framework of quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics. However, modem laser and photon correlation techniques have also been applied successfully to probe beyond the traditional quantum mechanical and quantum electrodynamical theories into nuclear stracture theories, electro-weak theories, and the growing field of local realistic theories versus quantum theories. 

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